Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) has become a public health emergency of concern worldwide. COVID-19 is a new infectious disease arising from Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has a strong transmission capacity and can cause severe and even fatal respiratory diseases. It can also affect other organs such as the heart, kidneys and digestive tract. Clinical evidence indicates that kidney injury is a common complication of COVID-19, and acute kidney injury (AKI) may even occur in severely ill patients. Data from China and the United States showed that male sex, Black race, the elderly, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and higher body mass index are associated with COVID-19‐induced AKI. In this review, we found gender and ethnic differences in the occurrence and development of AKI in patients with COVID-19 through literature search and analysis. By summarizing the mechanism of gender and ethnic differences in AKI among patients with COVID-19, we found that male and Black race have more progress to COVID-19-induced AKI than their counterparts.
Highlights
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Data from China and the United States showed that male sex, Black race, the elderly, chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and higher body mass index are associated with COVID-19‐induced acute kidney injury (AKI) (Hirsch et al, 2020; Pei et al, 2020)
We identified the data by searching PubMed and references from relevant articles using the search terms “Coronavirus Disease 2019”, “COVID-19”, “SARS-CoV2”, “kidney disease”, “acute kidney injury”, “AKI”, “risk factors”, “gender”, “clinical outcomes”, and “Clinical Characteristics”
Summary
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). By summarizing the relevant mechanisms and reasons, we provide a possible explanation for the high incidence of AKI in male patients with COVID-19 These mechanisms and data will help understand the gender differences in kidney injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 and design better prevention and treatment strategies. Data from China and the United States indicate that male sex, older age, Black race, diabetes, CKD, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, congestive heart failure, and higher body mass index (BMI) are associated with AKI in COVID-19 (Nadim et al, 2020). Cytokine storm and sepsis are indirect factors of AKI caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection These pieces of evidence provide a reasonable explanation for the ethnic differences in AKI among patients with COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency puts Black patients at a higher risk of cytokine storm and resulting systemic and intrarenal inflammation (Charoenngam et al, 2021)
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