Abstract
To recreate or substitute tissue in vivo is a complicated endeavor that requires biomaterials that can mimic the natural tissue environment. Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) is created through covalent bonding of naturally derived polymer gelatin and methacrylic groups. Due to its biocompatibility, GelMA receives a lot of attention in the tissue engineering research field. Additionally, GelMA has versatile physical properties that allow a broad range of modifications to enhance the interaction between the material and the cells. In this review, we look at recent modifications of GelMA with naturally derived polymers, nanomaterials, and growth factors, focusing on recent developments for vascular tissue engineering and wound healing applications. Compared to polymers and nanoparticles, the modifications that embed growth factors show better mechanical properties and better cell migration, stimulating vascular development and a structure comparable to the natural-extracellular matrix.
Highlights
It has been almost three decades since Cohen et al first suggested that tissue fabrication may offer improved functions compared to organ transplants [1]
This paper reviews the latest functionalization of Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) through vascular growth factors, nanomaterials, and polymer materials in vascular tissue engineering and wound healing applications
Methacrylated-chitosan and GelMA were further modified with protocatechuic acid and dopamine to make an adhesive wound-closure biomaterial, where H2 O2 and ascorbic acid could polymerize the gel within seconds [40]
Summary
It has been almost three decades since Cohen et al first suggested that tissue fabrication may offer improved functions compared to organ transplants [1]. This paper reviews the latest functionalization of GelMA through vascular growth factors, nanomaterials, and polymer materials in vascular tissue engineering and wound healing applications. Parthiban et al [24] used the acrylate QK to photo-crosslink GelMA They showed high levels of CD34, Ang, and vWF expression by HUVECs cultured on QK-GelMA at day 5, indicating that the hydrogel was capable of promoting vascularization. TGF-β was widely used to supplement hydrogel materials to enhance therapeutic effects, such as cartilage regeneration and the aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm treatment [91,92,93]. Crosslinked HSNGLPL-GelMA hydrogel was found to have increased material storage modulus and ability to recruit TGF-β1 and induce mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to chondrocytes in vitro. As in an in vivo knee joint injury rabbit model shown in Figure 3, implanted HSNGLPL-GelMA hydrogel showed the highest level of cartilage regeneration compared to the GelMA hydrogel without the HSNGLPL group
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