Gated Materials for On-Command Release of Guest Molecules.

One appealing concept in the field of hybrid materials is related to the design of gated materials. These materials are prepared in such a way that the release of chemical or biochemical species from voids of porous supports to a solution is triggered upon the application of external stimuli. Such gated materials are mainly composed of two subunits: i) a porous inorganic scaffold in which a cargo is stored, and ii) certain molecular or supramolecular entities, grafted onto the external surface, that can control mass transport from the interior of the pores. On the basis of this concept, a large number of examples are developed in the past ten years. A comprehensive overview of gated materials used in drug delivery applications in in vivo models from 2016 to date is thus given here.

Compositions and compositional-behavioural relationships of enzymes immobilized on porous inorganic supports via titanium(IV) species

Triple-layer catalytic hollow fiber membrane reactor for hydrogen production

Chapter 14 - Encapsulated Catalysts for Synthesis of Bulk and Fine Chemicals

Formation mechanism of metal–organic framework membranes derived from reactive seeding approach

Photothermal phase change composites have garnered extensive attention in solar energy conversion and storage. The performance, including photothermal conversion, phase change heat storage, and thermal conduction, depends critically on their multiscale structural design-from the nanoscale to the macroscale. This review summarizes the structural design principles for photothermal phase change composites, including photoresponsive isomer, continuous thermal networks, core-shell/layered heterostructures, gradient functional layouts, and bioinspired hierarchical architectures, etc. It elucidates how these structures regulate light absorption, heat storage, and heat transport behaviors in a synergistic manner. The discussion focuses on composite systems that integrate carbon-based scaffolds, porous inorganic supports, phase change materials (PCMs), and molecular solar thermal fuels (STFs), covering their fabrication approaches and performance optimization mechanisms. Representative applications in solar energy utilization, building energy efficiency, electronic thermal management, and flexible wearable systems are reviewed comprehensively. Finally, the review addresses key challenges-including structural stability, scalable manufacturing, and multifunctional integration-and outlines future directions toward intelligent, sustainable, and system-level solutions. This work provides a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the design of high-performance photothermal phase change composites.

Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of antigen-antibody interactions in heterogeneous phase reaction systems—II.: Interaction of l-triiodothyronine ( l-t 3) with specific antibody immobilized on controlled-pore glass

Pervaporation and Gas Separation Using Microporous Membranes

Organically functionalized inorganic hybrid membranes merge the good performance of polymers and the high chemical and mechanical stability of porous inorganic materials together towards high-performing membranes. The wide availability of polymers, as well as new chemical tools, such as "click" and reticular chemistry, allow for the synthesis of unique hybrid membranes that can be made to match a broad range of applications. This work focuses on new chemistries for the controlled formation of thin polymeric networks on a defined, porous inorganic support. The different chapters expand on the various syntheses and potential applications of these hybrid membranes for solvent filtration under harsh industrial conditions.

A review on the various beds used for immobilization of nanoparticles: Overcoming the barrier to nanoparticle applications in water and wastewater treatment

Alkali metal atoms can repopulate their valence electrons toward solvation due to impact from solvents or microsurroundings and provide the remaining alkali metal cations for coordinating with a variety of specific solvents, forming various electron-expanded complexes or solvated ionic pairs with special interactions. Such special solute-solvent interactions not only affect their electronic structures but also enable the formation of entirely new species. Taking Na(THF)n (n = 1-6, THF = tetrahydrofuran) and Na2@THF complexes as typical representatives, density functional theory calculations are carried out to explore the solvation of a sodium atom and its dimer in THF and characterize their complexes as solvent-incorporated supramolecular entities and particularly valence electron presolvation due to their interaction with solvent THF. Electron presolvation is caused by the Pauli repulsion between THF containing a coordinating O atom with a lone pair of electrons and the alkali metal Na or Na2 containing valence electrons, and THF coordination to them forces their valence electrons to redistribute, which can be easily realized in such solvents. Compared with strongly bound valance electrons of alkali metal atoms, THF coordination enables Na or Na2 electrons to exhibit much more active states (i.e., the presolvated states) featuring small vertical detachment energies of electrons and distorted diffuse distributions in the frames of the generally structured metal cation complexes, acting as the electron-expanded chemical entities. Furthermore, the degree of electron diffusion and the polarity of the Na-Na bond are proportional to the coordination number (n) and the coordination number difference (Δn) between two Na centers in Na2@THF. The unique properties of such entities are also discussed. This work offers a theoretical support to the supramolecular entities formed by alkali-metal atoms or their dimers with ligands containing O or N and uncovers the unique electron presolvation phenomena and also enriches our understanding of the novel metal atom complexes.

Supramolecular chemistry aims at implementing highly complex chemical systems from molecular components held together by non-covalent intermolecular forces and effecting molecular recognition, catalysis and transport processes. A further step consists in the investigation of chemical systems undergoing self-organization, i.e. systems capable of spontaneously generating well-defined functional supramolecular architectures by self-assembly from their components, thus behaving as programmed chemical systems. Supramolecular chemistry is intrinsically a dynamic chemistry in view of the lability of the interactions connecting the molecular components of a supramolecular entity and the resulting ability of supramolecular species to exchange their constituents. The same holds for molecular chemistry when the molecular entity contains covalent bonds that may form and break reversibility, so as to allow a continuous change in constitution by reorganization and exchange of building blocks. These features define a Constitutional Dynamic Chemistry (CDC) on both the molecular and supramolecular levels.CDC introduces a paradigm shift with respect to constitutionally static chemistry. The latter relies on design for the generation of a target entity, whereas CDC takes advantage of dynamic diversity to allow variation and selection. The implementation of selection in chemistry introduces a fundamental change in outlook. Whereas self-organization by design strives to achieve full control over the output molecular or supramolecular entity by explicit programming, self-organization with selection operates on dynamic constitutional diversity in response to either internal or external factors to achieve adaptation.The merging of the features: -information and programmability, -dynamics and reversibility, -constitution and structural diversity, points to the emergence of adaptive and evolutive chemistry, towards a chemistry of complex matter.

Molecular chemistry has developed a wide range of very powerful procedures for constructing ever more sophisticated molecules from atoms linked by covalent bonds. Beyond molecular chemistry lies supramolecular chemistry, which aims at developing highly complex chemical systems from components interacting via non-covalent intermolecular forces.By the appropriate manipulation of these interactions, supramolecular chemistry became progressively the chemistry of molecular information, involving the storage of information at the molecular level, in the structural features, and its retrieval, transfer, and processing at the supramolecular level, through molecular recognition processes operating via specific interactional algorithms.This has paved the way towards apprehending chemistry also as an information science.Numerous receptors capable of recognizing, i.e. selectively binding, specific substrates have been developed, based on the molecular information stored in the interacting species. Suitably functionalized receptors may perform supramolecular catalysis and selective transport processes. In combination with polymolecular organization, recognition opens ways towards the design of molecular and supramolecular devices based on functional (photoactive, electroactive, ionoactive, etc) components.A step beyond preorganization consists in the design of systems undergoing self-organization, i.e. systems capable of spontaneously generating well-defined supramolecular architectures by self-assembly from their components. Self-organization processes, directed by the molecular information stored in the components and read out at the supramolecular level through specific interactions, represent the operation of programmed chemical systems. They have been implemented for the generation of a variety of discrete functional architectures of either organic or inorganic nature.Self-organization processes also give access to advanced supramolecular materials, such as supramolecular polymers and liquid crystals, and provide an original approach to nanoscience and nanotechnology. In particular, the spontaneous but controlled generation of well-defined, functional supramolecular architectures of nanometric size through self-organization represents a means of performing programmed engineering and processing of nanomaterials.Supramolecular chemistry is intrinsically a dynamic chemistry, in view of the lability of the interactions connecting the molecular components of a supramolecular entity and the resulting ability of supramolecular species to exchange their constituents. The same holds for molecular chemistry when a molecular entity contains covalent bonds that may form and break reversibly, so as to make possible a continuous change in constitution and structure by reorganization and exchange of building blocks. This behaviour defines a constitutional dynamic chemistry that allows self-organization by selection as well as by design at both the molecular and supramolecular levels. Whereas self-organization by design strives to achieve full control over the output molecular or supramolecular entity by explicit programming, self-organization by selection operates on dynamic constitutional diversity in response to either internal or external factors to achieve adaptation in a Darwinistic fashion.The merging of the features, information and programmability, dynamics and reversibility, constitution and structural diversity, points towards the emergence of adaptative and evolutionary chemistry. Together with the corresponding fields of physics and biology, it constitutes a science of informed matter, of organized, adaptative complex matter.

Supported catalysts largely based on porous inorganic and organic support materials can be used in a wide range of important organic reactions for the preparation of fine and speciality chemicals. Major areas of research and application, notably solid acids, solid bases, and supported metal complexes, are covered in this article.

4963490 Porous inorganic membrane support and method: Stephen J Churchouse, Elizabeth M Scamans, Banbury, United Kingdom assigned to Alcan International Limited