Garazhniki: Gleaning, Trading, and Improvising in a Postindustrial Monotown

Ethics Committees in Europe: The Future

A comprehensive study has been carried out on the processes of formation and transformation of the image of Prince Gantimur in Russian historiography. The research establishes that perceptions of this historical figure have varied depending on the ideological, political, and scholarly paradigms of different periods. The aim of the study was to systematically analyze conceptual approaches to understanding Gantimur’s personality and to identify the key characteristics of his image as a mediator between the Tungusic-speaking peoples, the Russian state, and the Qing Empire. The central hypothesis suggests that interpretations of Gantimur were shaped by dominant state ideologies and the level of development of historical scholarship in each specific era. The methodology combines historiographical analysis, comparative-analytical methods, and an interdisciplinary approach involving ethnographic, onomastic, and cultural-anthropological data. Three stages of historiographical development are identified: the pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and post-Soviet periods, each with distinct emphases and interpretive frameworks. We have established that pre-revolutionary sources are fragmented and emphasize Gantimur’s special role in the exploration and incorporation of new territories by Russian pioneers, especially in light of his voluntary submission to Russian authority. Soviet-era works focus on themes of integration and state consolidation, while contemporary research highlights his ethnic identity and mediating function. Methodological and content-related gaps are revealed, along with the absence of a comprehensive conceptual model. The study substantiates the need for further research aimed at constructing an integrated academic framework that reflects the role of local leaders in imperial integration and interethnic relations in Eastern Siberia. The relevance of future research on related topics is emphasized, particularly in light of growing interest at the state level. The study is of both scholarly and practical significance and is relevant to specialists in history, ethnology, ethnography, regional studies, and political anthropology.

Understanding gendered influences on women's reproductive health in Pakistan: Moving beyond the autonomy paradigm

In the face of modern economic challenges, such as sanctions, changes in supply chains and rising resource costs, financial research is gaining particular relevance. The author considers the regional specifics of the Altai Territory, including its climatic conditions, the structure of agriculture and socio-economic characteristics, which makes it possible to draw conclusions more accurate and applicable in practice. The article proposes a comprehensive approach to analysis, covering economic, social and natural factors. Particular attention is paid to assessing the effectiveness of state support and developing recommendations for its optimization. Based on the analysis of the current state and risk forecasting, the author proposes measures aimed at increasing the stability and competitiveness of agricultural organizations. The practical significance of the study lies in the development of specific recommendations that can be used to improve the financial condition of agricultural organizations and adapt them to new economic realities.

A nationally enforced comprehensive collectivisation started in the new People’s Republic of China in the 1950s, and was achieved through the implementation of the rural people’s commune and urban danwei (work-unit) systems. These were “collective forms” in which production, reproduction, and administration spaces were unified. After economic reforms beginning in 1978, new forms of socio-spatial development were needed to deal with changing lifestyles and government or governance needs, as well as rapid urban growth. This led eventually to the current contemporary community (shequ) and xiaoqu (small district) model. Providing an introduction to these three dominant types of socialist space in China that have shaped its social, economic, and spatial histories and realities, a brief overview of the historical contexts and an architectural analysis of typical case studies is given.

The Journal of FinanceVolume 20, Issue 4 p. 728-769 Book Reviews BOOK REVIEWS First published: December 1965 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1965.tb02946.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Book reviewed in this article: Aggregate Theory and Policy: Development of British Monetary Orthodoxy, 1797–1875. By Frank Whitson Fetter. Capital, Saving and Credit in Peasant Societies. Edited by Raymond Firth and B. S. Yamey. Understanding Macro-Economics. By Robert L. Heilbroner. Investment Demand and U.S. Economic Growth. By Beet G. Hickman. Capital Formation in West Germany. By Karl W. Roskamp. Economic Myth and Reality. By Delbert A. Snider. Business Finance and Investments: Leading World Stock Exchanges: Organization and Trading Practices. By Wilford J. Eiteman and David K. Eiteman. Conference on Securities Regulation. Robert H. Mundheim, ed. Essentials of Financial Management. By Ernest W. Walker. Elements of Investments: Selected Readings. By H. K. Wu and A. J. Zakon. Professional Accounting in 25 Countries. Financial Institutions & Markets: Kreditnaya Sistema Sovremennovo Kapitalizma (The Credit System of Modern Capitalism): By A. V. Anikin. Moscow The Management of Money: A Survey of American Experience. By Harold Barger. Money, Financial Institutions, and the Economy. Edited by J. A. Crutchfield, Charles N. Hening and William Pigott. Capital Markets and Institutions. By Herbert E. Dougall. French Money and Capital Markets and Monetary Management. By Holger L. Engberg. The Cyclical Behavior of the Term Structure of Interest Rates. By Reuben A. Kessel. Money and the Economy. By John J. Klein. Money, Banking, and Central Banking. By Richard Timberlake, Jr. International Finance: The Dollar and the International Monetary System. By Alvin H. Hansen. Investing Abroad. By Gerald Krefetz and Ruth Marossi. International Payments, Debts, and Gold. By Fritz Machlup. International Trade and Finance. By Edward Marcus and Mildred Rendl Marcus. Public Finance: Public Finance. By Otto Eckstein. Federal Tax Treatment of Income from Oil and Gas. By Stephen L. McDonald. Volume20, Issue4December 1965Pages 728-769 RelatedInformation

China and the Strategic Imperative for the United States Charles Boustany (bio) and Richard J. Ellings (bio) keywords United States, China, U.S. Trade Policy, Balance of Power Click for larger view View full resolution [End Page 47] executive summary This essay examines the implications of China’s rise and calls on the U.S. to address the domestic bases for national power and to reassume a leadership role in Asia by executing a grand strategy that is fully cognizant of political, historical, economic, and strategic realities. main argument The U.S. has deep and long-standing interests in the strategically complex Indo-Pacific region. Now, however, Beijing’s multi-decade strategy is bearing fruit as Chinese power and interests are beginning to predominate there. U.S. regional interests and leadership are challenged, and U.S. economic and security policies relevant to Asia are incoherent. Washington must craft effective policies that coordinate economic and diplomatic instruments of power with military instruments of power, and these policies must be executed in a manner consistent with historical yet achievable strategic imperatives. policy implications • Xi Jinping is committed to consolidating his and the Chinese Communist Party’s grip on Chinese society, basing much of his and the party’s legitimacy on nationalism. China appears determined to replace the U.S. as the dominant regional force and compete for global hegemony. • The U.S. must address the threats to its economy and at the same time remain engaged in crafting the rules of the international economic order. It should improve as needed and consider rejoining the Trans-Pacific Partnership to accelerate economic growth and coordination among coalition members. The U.S. should seek opportunities to strengthen liberal economic behavior in the region. • The U.S. must develop an appropriate, well-resourced military strategy for the Indo-Pacific and deploy the required weapons and related systems to execute it. • The U.S. must build coalitions to keep a stable balance of power, as well as reform and lead the institutions that play critical roles in the post–World War II economic and political order. • The relationship between China and the U.S., together with the actions and strategies of each power, will be the most important determinants of the 21st-century world order. The U.S. has the capacity to rise to the challenge, but it must make serious assessments of what is needed and act accordingly and expeditiously. [End Page 48] China’s accession on December 11, 2001, to membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) was hailed by many in the United States as a breakthrough that could lead to political liberalization in China, peace and security in Asia, and greater prosperity for the American people.1 This optimism has faded away, replaced by rising pessimism. The first two goals have not been achieved, nor are the prospects for achieving them bright, and the third is a major continuing political issue and increasingly questioned by economists.2 Fueling the pessimism are years of muddled, uncoordinated U.S. policies toward China. These policies have been a Procrustean mix of robust yet distorted economic engagement, ad hoc strategic and diplomatic responses to events, and constrained defense planning due to budgetary paralysis. Neglect of the influence that China is deriving from its enormous economic success and the growing challenges in the U.S.-China relationship, coupled with a failure to properly consider this relationship in the context of a U.S. grand strategy, have constituted a profound policy failure. The situation has been made worse by a succession of Chinese leaders who, in contrast, have carried out a consistent grand strategy in the face of U.S. policy incoherence. To address this failure, the Trump administration issued in December 2017 the new National Security Strategy, which seeks to clarify the challenges presented by China, especially to the U.S. economy. The Trump administration is also conducting major investigations of Chinese industrial and trade practices.3 In December, with China the clear target, the administration agreed with Japan and the European Union to work together “to enhance trilateral cooperation in the WTO and in other forums, as appropriate, to eliminate…unfair market distorting and protectionist practices by...

Integrating Urban Agriculture in the Design and Planning for Built Environments

The urgency of the problem lies in the considered process of transformation of the modern economy into the newest direction of the "green" economy. It is necessary to take into account the peculiarities and modern conditions of the development of social and economic systems of the countries of the world. To study the methodological aspects of creating "green" finance and the principles of the future greening of the financial system as part of the sustainable development of the world economy. One of the most pressing regular issues is the acceptability of using certain energy sources and extracting the corresponding resources. The current crisis shows that not all countries are fully ready to transition to the new economic reality. By abandoning traditional sources of energy in favor of alternative ones, they have slowed down the development of their countries and endangered their well-being in an age when resources are the main element of survival. A sharp transition to a "green" economy seems inexpedient due to the unstable situation in world geopolitics. What is needed is not a reckless desire for the accelerated growth of the "green" economy, accompanied by ecological slogans, even for the sake of preserving the climate, but a thoughtful, differentiated and phased approach to its development that takes into account the production-technological, socio-economic and naturalgeographic features of regions and states. The prevailing economic system is imperfect, as evidenced by crises and failures of the market mechanism, and is inherently wasteful.This gave certain results in raising the standard of living of people in general, and especially of certain groups, the negative consequences of the functioning of this system are significant: environmental problems, depletion of natural capital, lack of fresh water, food, energy, great poverty, inequality of people and countries. All this poses a threat to future generations. From the point of view of the main criterion – environmental pollution (mainly carbon dioxide) – nuclear energy is absolutely "green". In terms of stability and production capacity, it is significantly better than any other "green" sources. The obtained results can be used to develop modern economic models of development.

In this article, we analyse the dynamic connections constituted by the global commodity chains of carbon markets, which offer profit, marketing and legitimacy‐providing opportunities for both Northern and Southern corporations. Specifically, we contrast EDF Energy's green CSR and marketing discourse with the social, economic and environmental realities on the ground near the factory of Gujarat Fluorochemicals Limited (GFL), which operates one of the biggest clean development mechanism (CDM) projects in India. Based on historical documents, secondary datasets, companies’ websites and their financial information, primary ethnographic and interview data, our analysis makes a direct link – enabled by global carbon markets – between the green claims made by EDF Energy, one of the biggest energy companies in the UK, and the dirty reality of GFL's operations in India. In this historical case, we put into doubt the green CSR claims made by EDF Energy, questioning the discourse of sustainable development and improvement in people's lives that surround global carbon markets and specifically the CDM.

Although public transport development has been widely addressed in extant urban research, everyday practices in transport spaces and their broader implications for urbanizing China are relatively less studied. Building on de Certeau’s concept of “tactics” and the literature on urban mobility, this study employs spatial analysis and ethnography to investigate the case of the Shanghainan Railway Station (SHNS) in China that had become underused after its traffic was directed away to new stations in the same network. By 2017, this decline had turned an architectural icon designed for efficiency and speed into a place where many unlikely social groups gathered daily. We followed a charity team serving the homeless seeking shelter there to understand how this modern structure was appropriated to cater to those who survived in the trails of development. The case of the SHNS reveals the uneven consequences of urbanization brought about by increasing connectivity in Chinese society and highlights how tactics can be a form of social infrastructure exhibiting degrees of institutional stability and translocal solidarities. It also points to the theoretical significance of turning our attention from the frontier to the trail of development as a productive space where the state, civil society and marginalized emerge temporarily in pastoral forms.

Books reviewed in this issueLiterature and Fine ArtsYoungblood, Denise. Bondarchuk's War and Peace: Literary Classic to Soviet Cinematic Epic.Losev, Alexei Fyodorovich. The Dialectic of Artistic Form.Kelimbetov, Nemat. Drevnie literaturnye pamiatniki Turkskikh narodov.Andreyev, Alexandre. The Myth of the Masters Revived: The Occult Lives of Nikolai and Elena Roerich.Bulgakov, Mikhail. Don Quixote.Burry, Alexander. Multi‐Mediated Dostoevsky: Transposing Novels into Opera, Film, and Drama.Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment.Gandlevsky, Sergey. Trepanation of the Skull.Móricz, Klára, and Simon Morrison, eds. Funeral Games: In Honor of Arthur Vincent Lourié.White, Frederick H. Degeneration, Decadence and Disease in the Russian Fin de Siècle: Neurasthenia in the Life and Work of Leonid Andreev.Kleespies, Ingrid. A Nation Astray: Nomadism and National Identity in Russian Literature.Zorin, Andrei. By Fables Alone: Literature and State Ideology in Late‐Eighteenth–Early‐Nineteenth Century Russia.Lossev, Alexeï and Valentina. “La joie pour l'éternité”: Correspondance du Gulag (1931–1933).Peterson, Nadya L., ed. The Witching Hour and Other Plays by Nina Sadur.Popkin, Cathy, ed. Anton Chekhov's Selected Stories: Texts of the Stories, Comparisons of Translations, Life and Letters, Criticism.Swartz, Anne. Piano Makers in Russia in the Nineteenth Century.Mahoney, Daniel J. The Other Solzhenitsyn: Telling the Truth about a Misunderstood Writer and Thinker.Schuman, Samuel. Nabokov's Shakespeare.Shrayer, Maxim D. Bunin i Nabokov: Istoriia sopernichestva.HistoryJones, Stephen F., ed. The Making of Modern Georgia, 1918–2012: The First Georgian Republic and Its Successors.Narangoa, Li, and Robert Cribb. Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia 1590–2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia.Birchall, Christopher. Embassy, Emigrants, and Englishmen: The Three Hundred Year History of a Russian Orthodox Church in London.Jones, Ryan Tucker. Empire of Extinction: Russians and the North Pacific's Strange Beasts of the Sea, 1741–1867.Schmidt, Christoph. Pilger, Popen und Propheten: Eine Religionsgeschichte Osteuropas.Sunderland, Willard. The Baron's Cloak: A History of the Russian Empire in War and Revolution.Wolff, Frank. Neue Welten in der Neuen Welt: Die transnationale Geschichte des Allgemeinen Jüdischen Arbeiterbundes 1897–1947.Twiss, Thomas M. Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy.Campbell, Craig. Agitating Images: Photography against History in Indigenous Siberia.Barenberg, Alan. Gulag Town, Company Town: Forced Labor and Its Legacy in Vorkuta.Goscilo, Helena, and Yana Hashamova, eds. Embracing Arms: Cultural Representation of Slavic and Balkan Women in War.Golubev, Alexey, and Irina Takala. The Search for a Socialist El Dorado: Finnish Immigration to Soviet Karelia from the United States and Canada in the 1930s.Robinson, Paul. Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich: Supreme Commander of the Russian Army.Tikhomirov, Aleksei. Luchshii drug nemetskogo naroda: Kul't Stalina v Vostochnoi Germanii (1945–1961 gg.).Herspring, Dale R. Civil‐Military Relations and Shared Responsibility: A Four‐Nation Study.Chakars, Melissa. The Socialist Way of Life in Siberia: Transformation in Buryatia.Rittersporn, Gábor T. Anguish, Anger, and Folkways in Soviet Russia.Kuznitz, Cecile Esther. YIVO and the Making of Modern Jewish Culture: Scholarship for the Yiddish Nation.McDaniel, Cadra Peterson. American‐Soviet Cultural Diplomacy: The Bolshoi Ballet's American Premiere.Davies, Sarah, and James Harris. Stalin's World: Dictating the Soviet Order.Petrova, N. K., ed. Samyi pamiatnyi den’ voiny: Pis'ma‐ispovedi.Petrova, N. K., ed. Voina glazami detei: Svidetel'stva ochevidtsev.Petrova, N. K., ed. Znat’ i pomnit': Prestupleniia fashizma v gody Velikoi otechestvennoi voiny.Petrova, N. K., ed. Zhenshchiny Velikoi otechestvennoi voiny.Markwick, Roger D., and Euridice Charon Cardona. Soviet Women on the Frontline in the Second World War.McClellan, Dorothy S., ed. Witnessing the Soviet Twilight: Accounts of Americans in the USSR on the Eve of Its Collapse.Smith, Michael G. Rockets and Revolution: A Cultural History of Early Soviet Spaceflight.Smilovitsky, Leonid. Jewish Life in Belarus: The Final Decade of the Stalin Regime (1944–53).Vakhter, Tarmo. Estoniia: Zharkoe leto 91‐go: Avgustovskii putch i vozrozhdenie nezavisimosti.Peacock, Margaret. Innocent Weapons: The Soviet and American Politics of Childhood in the Cold War.Michelson, Patrick Lally, and Judith Deutsch Kornblatt, eds. Thinking Orthodox in Modern Russia: Culture, History, Context.Social Sciences, Contemporary Russia, and OtherTsygankov, Andrei P. The Strong State in Russia: Development and Crisis.Makarychev, Andrey. Russia and the EU in a Multipolar World: Discourses, Identities, Norms.Butler, William E. Russian Law and Legal Institutions.Butler, William E., Philip T. Grier, and Vladimir A. Tomsinov, eds and trans. On the Essence of Legal Consciousness by Ivan Aleksandrovich Il'in.Anderson, Richard D. Discourse, Dictators and Democrats: Russia's Place in a Global Process.Gel'man, Vladimir, Otar Marganiya, and Dmitry Travin. Reexamining Economic and Political Reforms in Russia, 1985–2000: Generations, Ideas, and Changes.Rozman, Gilbert. The Sino‐Russian Challenge to the World Order: National Identities, Bilateral Relations, and East versus West in the 2010s.Le Huérou, Anne, et al., eds. Chechnya at War and Beyond.Dunlop, John. The Moscow Bombings of September 1999: Examinations of Russian Terrorist Attacks at the Onset of Vladimir Putin's Rule.Mickiewicz, Ellen. No Illusions: The Voices of Russia's Future Leaders.

We examined associations between cotton cropping, women's empowerment, and household food insecurity in Burkina Faso. A cross-sectional study was conducted during the 2012 pre-harvest period. Socioeconomic characteristics and agricultural production data were collected using a questionnaire. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) questionnaire was used to assess household food insecurity. Four villages of western Burkina Faso were selected for the study. In total, 275 farmer's households, who had at least one child between the age of 6 and 59 months, participated in the survey. Food insecurity affected 67% of households. HFIAS score was negatively correlated with the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) (r = - 0.40, P = 0.000006). Cotton cropping was not directly associated with the HFIAS score, while women's workload (positively) and income-generating activities (negatively) were. Interestingly, the only village where women could own cotton fields was negatively associated with the HFIAS score. An intensive cotton production was positively associated with the amount of time women spent fetching water and was tendentiously associated with women's working time in cotton fields. Finally, the size of cotton farms was positively associated with the practice of petty trading. The relationships between cash cropping, women's daily activities, and food insecurity are dynamic, behaviour related, and should be targeted for appropriate behaviour change intervention in order to alleviate food insecurity.

This article examines the transformation of the professional identity of primary school teachers in the Příbram region during the period of state socialism and post -communist transition. Drawing on oral history interviews, it highlights the tension between the symbolic status of teachers as members of the intelligentsia and their marginalized socio -economic reality–described by some respondents as “a proletarian among the intelligentsia.” The study reconstructs lived experiences, survival strategies, and memory patterns in order to understand how professional identity was shaped and reshaped during major political and institutional changes.

This contribution explores modes of human–animal interactions in hunter-gatherer communities in near-contemporary eastern Siberia and the Mesolithic of northwest Europe. By discussing notions of care and control and drawing on syntheses of Russian-language ethnographic data from eastern Siberia, this paper explores the diversity and nuances of hunter-gatherers’ interactions with animals. While some contexts may reveal respectful yet diverse treatments of the hunted animals, others suggest that hunter-gatherers also might have interacted with animals kept as pets, captives or companions, thus implicating relations in which notions of care and control seem to be tightly bound.