Abstract
Galfenol (Fe1−xGax, 10 < x < 40) may be the only smart material that can be made by electrochemical deposition which enables thick film and nanowire structures. This article reviews the deposition, characterization, and applications of Galfenol thin films and nanowires. Galfenol films have been made by sputter deposition as well as by electrochemical deposition, which can be difficult due to the insolubility of gallium. However, a stable process has been developed, using citrate complexing, a rotating disk electrode, Cu seed layers, and pulsed deposition. Galfenol thin films and nanowires have been characterized for crystal structures and magnetostriction both by our group and by collaborators. Films and nanowires have been shown to be largely polycrystalline, with magnetostrictions that are on the same order of magnitude as textured bulk Galfenol. Electrodeposited Galfenol films were made with epitaxial texture on GaAs. Galfenol nanowires have been made by electrodeposition into anodic aluminum oxide templates using similar parameters defined for films. Segmented nanowires of Galfenol/Cu have been made to provide engineered magnetic properties. Applications of Galfenol and other magnetic nanowires include microfluidic sensors, magnetic separation, cellular radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast, and hyperthermia.
Highlights
In this paper, we will review 15 years of magnetic nanowire work at the University of Minnesota.In the early days, these magnetic nanowires were proposed as hair-like sensors [1], similar to the cilia found in many biological species
Increasing interest in side is insulated with a polymer coating so that when the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) is placed inside an electrolyte such as bio applications, such as the initially proposed cilia sensors, led this work toward the electrochemical thosesynthesis discussed above, the cations are reduced to metal only at the bottom of the columnar nanopores
A rotating disk electrode (RDE) was used to engineer the diffusion boundary layer. This same RDE was instrumental in mitigating a problem of severely inhomogeneous lengths that was unique to Galfenol nanowire growth
Summary
We will review 15 years of magnetic nanowire work at the University of Minnesota. Galfenol can be used in suspension (tension), especially when stress annealing is used to produce internal compressive stresses, but brittle Terfenol-D requires the application of a compressive strain for most applications, such as sonar transducers [4,5] This simplification of the transducer design is significant, through which entirely new designs become possible. Sensors 2018, 18, x FOR PEER REVIEW higher saturation magnetostrictions (up to 1600 ppm, depending on the processing conditions), it is difficultSensors to image a process by which nanowires of Terfenol could be made without. The first part of this review discuss the electrochemical processing parameters and even into nanowires by electrodeposition into nanoporous templates. Galfenol nanowire synthesis and properties will be other rare earth-containing alloys, a fairly wide processing window has been defined to enable discussed. The first part of this review will discuss the electrochemical processing parameters and the
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