Abstract
Background: Menopause induces various metabolic disorders due to the rapid decrease of the ovarian hormone estrogen. It is involved in increased risk of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and osteoporosis. The pigmented giant embryo cultivar is a promising food product for menopause-induced metabolic disorders. Objective: The effects of non-germinated and germinated Keunnunjami, a new blackish purple pigmented rice with a giant embryo, on glucose and bone metabolisms in ovariectomized rats were investigated. Design: The animals were fed with normal control diet (NC group) or control diet supplemented with either non-germinated Keunnunjami (KN group) or germinated Keunnunjami (GKN group) powder for 8 weeks. Results: The blood glucose and plasma insulin levels, adipokine concentrations, hepatic glucose-regulating enzyme activities, and bone resorption biomarker levels significantly decreased in KN and GKN groups compared to those of the control animals. Discussion: These findings illustrate that GKN group showed greater hypoglycemic activity and lower bone resorption than KN group, suggesting that germination could further improve the physiological property of Keunnunjami. Conclusion: Germinated Keunnunjami may have therapeutic potential against hyperglycemia and bone turnover imbalance caused by menopause.
Highlights
Constipation is a common problem that reduces the quality of life
One alternative may be the use of oligosaccharides, which act as soluble fibre and have a bifidogenic effect
Several clinical studies reviewed in this paper have shown that the use of GOS (5 Á15 g per day) may relieve the symptoms of constipation in adults and elderly people
Summary
Constipation is a common problem that reduces the quality of life. The estimated prevalence of constipation varies from 2 to 27% [1], and the number of people reporting constipation increases with age [2]. Several clinical studies reviewed in this paper have shown that the use of GOS (5 Á15 g per day) may relieve the symptoms of constipation in adults and elderly people. Several studies on both infants [5, 7, 8] and adults (9Á11) have shown the prebiotic, bifidogenic effect of GOS or a mixture of GOS and FOS on colonic flora.
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