Abstract
BackgroundThe bone marrow niche supports hematopoietic cell development through intimate contact with multipotent stromal mesenchymal stem cells; however, the intracellular signaling, function, and regulation of such supportive niche cells are still being defined. Our study was designed to understand how G protein receptor kinase 3 (GRK3) affects bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell function by examining primary cells from GRK3-deficient mice, which we have previously published to have a hypercellular bone marrow and leukocytosis through negative regulation of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling.MethodsMurine GRK3-deficient bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells were harvested and cultured to differentiate into three lineages (adipocyte, chondrocyte, and osteoblast) to confirm multipotency and compared to wild type cells. Immunoblotting, modified-TANGO experiments, and flow cytometry were used to further examine the effects of GRK3 deficiency on bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell receptor signaling. Microcomputed tomography was used to determine trabecular and cortical bone composition of GRK3-deficient mice and standard ELISA to quantitate CXCL12 production from cellular cultures.ResultsGRK3-deficient, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells exhibit enhanced and earlier osteogenic differentiation in vitro. The addition of a sphingosine kinase inhibitor abrogated the osteogenic proliferation and differentiation, suggesting that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling was a putative G protein-coupled receptor regulated by GRK3. Immunoblotting showed prolonged ERK1/2 signaling after stimulation with sphingosine-1-phosphate in GRK3-deficient cells, and modified-TANGO assays suggested the involvement of β-arrestin-2 in sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor internalization.ConclusionsOur work suggests that GRK3 regulates sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by recruiting β-arrestin to the occupied GPCR to promote internalization, and lack of such regulation affects mesenchymal stem cell functionality.
Highlights
Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent stromal cells that possess the ability to differentiate into mesodermal tissues, such as chondrocytes, adipocytes, and osteocytes [1]
Our work suggests that G protein receptor kinase 3 (GRK3) regulates sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by recruiting β-arrestin to the occupied G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) to promote internalization, and lack of such regulation affects mesenchymal stem cell functionality
Mesenchymal stem cells that reside within the bone marrow microenvironment are often referred to as bone marrow niche mesenchymal stem cells (BmMSCs), secrete high levels of chemokine C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12 (CXCL12), which can bind to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) C-X-C Chemokine Receptor Type 4 (CXCR4) on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) to affect their growth and development [2, 3]
Summary
Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent stromal cells that possess the ability to differentiate into mesodermal tissues, such as chondrocytes, adipocytes, and osteocytes [1]. Accumulating evidence supports that phospholipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) affects mesenchymal stem cell function [7] in osteogenic differentiation [8,9,10] and proliferation [11, 12]; we examined GRK3-dependent S1PR antagonism, signaling, and β-arrestin-2 recruitment to determine the interplay between these protein interactions in BmMSC biology. Our study was designed to understand how G protein receptor kinase 3 (GRK3) affects bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell function by examining primary cells from GRK3-deficient mice, which we have previously published to have a hypercellular bone marrow and leukocytosis through negative regulation of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling
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