Fuzzy FMEA-MARCOS-TOPSIS Approaches-Based Framework for Risk Analysis of Nitrogen Gas Plant: a Case from Indian Industry

Drinking water supply utilities are responsible for providing a safe and reliable supply of potable water to their customers. Their ability to do so can be hampered by natural disasters, anthropogenic disasters, and performance failure. These events constitute the major risk vectors in potable water supply. The frequency and severity of disaster-type events and their impacts on water supply have been well studied. As such, the focus herein is on the analysis of the mechanical and operational failure events that result in performance risk. While tools for the analysis of the likelihood and severity of performance risk vectors currently exist, a general framework for the performance risk analysis across entire water supply systems remains to be developed. This paper presents a framework for the analysis of performance risk in water supply that can be applied to the entire system or to individual sub systems.

This paper presents a first-of-its-kind evaluation of integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) within a Human-In-The-Loop (HITL) framework for risk analysis in machinery functional safety, adhering to ISO 12100. The methodology systematically addresses LLM limitations, such as hallucinations and lack of domain-specific expertise, by embedding expert oversight to ensure reliable and compliant outputs. Applied to four diverse industrial case studies—motorized gates, autonomous transport vehicles, weaving machines, and rotary printing presses—this study assesses the applicability of ChatGPT in routine risk analysis tasks central to machinery functional safety workflows, such as hazard identification and risk assessment. The results demonstrated substantial improvements: during HITL involvement and the subsequent iterations of risk assessment with expert feedback, a complete agreement with ground truth was achieved across all four use cases. ChatGPT also identified additional scenarios and edge cases, enriching the risk analysis. Efficiency gains were notable, with time efficiency rated at 4.95 out of 5, on average, across case studies. Overall accuracy (4.7 out of 5) and usability (4.8 out of 5) ratings demonstrated the robustness of the HITL framework in ensuring reliable and practical outputs. Likert scale evaluations reflected high confidence in the refined outputs, emphasizing the critical role of HITL in enhancing both trust and usability. The study also highlights the importance of prompt design, revealing that longer initial prompts improve accuracy, while shorter iterative prompts maintain usability without compromising efficiency. The iterative HITL process further ensures that refined outputs align with safety standards and practical requirements. This evaluation underscores the transformative potential of generative AI in functional safety workflows, enhancing routine activities while ensuring rigorous human oversight in safety-critical, regulated industries.

The landscape of labour and social security legislation in India has undergone significant transformation in recent years, particularly with the consolidation of 29 central labour laws into four comprehensive Labour Codes enacted between 2019 and 2020. This paper critically examines the evolution, scope, and sectoral implications of these laws within the context of Indian industries. It explores the legislative intent behind the reforms, which aimed to simplify, rationalize, and modernize archaic labour regulations, while also ensuring economic flexibility and worker protection. The review is structured around a comparative legal analysis of pre-code and post-code frameworks, emphasizing key areas such as industrial relations, wage security, social protection, and occupational health and safety. Special attention is given to the Code on Wages (2019), Code on Social Security (2020), Industrial Relations Code (2020), and Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code (2020). Sector-specific case studies from the manufacturing, construction, gig economy, and information technology sectors are included to evaluate real-world application, compliance challenges, and industry-level adaptations. This paper also highlights the legal ambiguities, enforcement deficits, and concerns raised by trade unions, employers, and labour rights activists. While the codes promise procedural efficiency and inclusivity—especially for informal and gig workers—their success largely hinges on implementation capacity, clarity of rules, and inter-state uniformity. In conclusion, the paper offers a balanced critique of the new legal architecture governing labour and social security in India, underscoring the need for sustained stakeholder engagement, transparent rulemaking, and effective dispute resolution mechanisms. The findings aim to inform policymakers, legal scholars, and industry stakeholders about the strengths and shortcomings of the reforms, and the way forward for building an equitable, efficient, and inclusive labour regime in India. Keywords: Labour Laws, Social Security, Indian Industries, Labour Codes, Wage Regulation, Industrial Relations, Occupational Safety, Legal Reforms, Gig Economy, Informal Sector, Compliance, Labour Rights, Policy Analysis, Sectoral Review, Labour Welfare

The paradigm shift in the pharmaceutical industry to continuous manufacturing, which has recently progressed from conceptual demonstration to pilot production, has stimulated the development and application of process systems engineering (PSE) tools for implementing efficient and robust control strategies. In this study, a systematic framework for process control design and risk analysis for continuous pharmaceutical solid-dosage manufacturing is proposed, consisting of system identification with state-space models; control design and analysis metrics; hierarchical three-layer control structures; risk mapping, assessment and planning (Risk MAP) strategies; and control performance indicators. The framework is applied to a feeding-blending system, wherein the major source of variance in the product quality arises. It can be demonstrated that the variance in the feeding-blending system can be mitigated and managed through the proposed systematic framework for control design and risk analysis. The process analytical technology (PAT) tool for mass fraction measurement of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and its relative standard deviation (RSD) were indispensable to achieve an efficient control design at the advanced layers. Specifically, the improvements in control performance by implementing advanced model-based control strategy are found to be limited by model-plant mismatch and the sampling time of the PAT tools.

Normes OEPP ‐ Directives pour l'analyse du risque phytosanitaire /EPPO Standards ‐ Guidelines for pest risk analysis

EPPO BulletinVolume 42, Issue 3 p. 455-456 Free Access Normes OEPP EPPO Standards Guidelines on pest risk analysis Lignes directrices pour I’analyse du risque phytosanitaire First published: 12 December 2012 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2011.02590.xAboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Approval EPPO Standards are approved by EPPO Council. The date of approval appears in each individual standard. In the terms of Article II of the IPPC, EPPO Standards are Regional Standards for the members of EPPO. Review EPPO Standards are subject to periodic review and amendment. The next review date for this set of EPPO Standards is decided by the EPPO Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations. Amendment record Amendments will be issued as necessary, numbered and dated. The dates of amendment appear in each individual standard (as appropriate). Distribution EPPO Standards are distributed by the EPPO Secretariat to all EPPO member governments. Copies are available to any interested person, under particular conditions, upon request to the EPPO Secretariat. Scope EPPO Guidelines on Pest Risk Analysis are intended to be used by National Plant Protection Organizations, in their capacity as bodies responsible for the establishment of phytosanitary regulations and the application of phytosanitary measures while respecting the requirements of the International Plant Protection Convention, ISPM no. 1 (Phytosanitary principles for the protection of plants and the application of phytosanitary measures in international trade), ISPM no. 2 (Framework for pest risk analysis) and ISPM no. 11 (Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including analysis of environmental risks and living modified organisms). They are also used by the technical bodies of EPPO to formulate recommendations on phytosanitary measures to the National Plant Protection Organizations. Outline of requirements EPPO Standards on pest risk analysis provide detailed guidance on the analysis of risk from individual pests for a defined area, in relation to their potential status as quarantine pests. The standards are based on the many years of experience of EPPO experts in the EPPO Panel on Pest Risk Analysis development, EPPO Panel on Phytosanitary Measures and EPPO Panel on Invasive Alien Species, who have assessed the status of pests as candidates for the EPPO A1 and A2 lists of pests recommended for regulation, and who have analysed the criteria used for this purpose. They conform to ISPM no. 2 (Framework for pest risk analysis) and ISPM no. 11 (Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including analysis of environmental risks and living modified organisms) and use the terms of ISPM no. 5 (Glossary of phytosanitary terms). Existing EPPO Standards in this series Three EPPO Standards on pest risk analysis have already been approved and published. Each standard is numbered in the style PM 5/1 (1), meaning an EPPO Standard on Phytosanitary Measures (PM), in series no. 5 (Guidelines on pest risk analysis), in this case standard no. 1, first version. The existing standards are: PM 5/1(1) Guidelines on pest risk analysis (PRA). No. 1. Checklist of information required for pest risk analysis (PRA). Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 23, 191–198. PM 5/2 (2). No. 2 Pest risk analysis on detection of a pest in an imported consignment. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO, Bulletin 32, 235–239. PM 5/3(5) Decision-support scheme for quarantine pests – version 2011. This standard is published on the EPPO website (http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOStandards/pra.htm). A computer program CAPRA has been developed by the EPPO Secretariat in the framework of the European Union 7th framework program protect PRATIQUE (Grant agreement No 212 459) and with the support of the EPPO Panels. This program is based on the latest version of the Decision-support scheme for quarantine pests. This software aims to assist pest risk analysts in running the EPPO decision-support scheme for Pest Risk Analysis. It includes links to useful datasets, examples and guidance to ensure consistency in performing pest risk analysis. It can be downloaded at http://capra.eppo.org/. Two new standards are published in this issue. References IPPC (1997) International Plant Protection Convention (new revised text). FAO, Rome (IT). Google Scholar IPPC (2010) Glossary of phytosanitary terms. ISPM no. 5 in International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures. IPPC Secretariat, FAO, Rome (IT). https://www.ippc.int/file_uploaded/1273490046_ISPM_05_2010_E.pdf [accessed on 17 October 2011]. Google Scholar OEPP/EPPO (2011) EPPO Standard PM 1/2 EPPO A1 and A2 lists of pests recommended for regulation in EPPO countries. http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/quarantine.htm [accessed on 17 October 2011]. Google Scholar Volume42, Issue3December 2012Pages 455-456 ReferencesRelatedInformation

EPPO BulletinVolume 41, Issue 3 p. 313-314 Free Access Normes OEPP/EPPO Standards Guidelines for pest risk analysis Directives pour l’analyse du risque phytosanitaire First published: 22 November 2011 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2011.02520.xAboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat PM 5 Approval EPPO Standards are approved by EPPO Council. The date of approval appears in each individual standard. In the terms of Article II of the IPPC, EPPO Standards are Regional Standards for the members of EPPO. Review EPPO Standards are subject to periodic review and amendment. The next review date for this set of EPPO Standards is decided by the EPPO Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations. Amendment record Amendments will be issued as necessary, numbered and dated. The dates of amendment appear in each individual standard (as appropriate). Distribution EPPO Standards are distributed by the EPPO Secretariat to all EPPO member governments. Copies are available to any interested person, under particular conditions, upon request to the EPPO Secretariat. Scope EPPO Guidelines on Pest Risk Analysis are intended to be used by National Plant Protection Organizations, in their capacity as bodies responsible for the establishment of phytosanitary regulations and the application of phytosanitary measures while respecting the requirements of the International Plant Protection Convention, ISPM no. 1 (Phytosanitary principles for the protection of plants and the application of phytosanitary measures in international trade), ISPM no. 2 (Framework for pest risk analysis) and ISPM no. 11 (Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including analysis of environmental risks and living modified organisms). They are also used by the technical bodies of EPPO to formulate recommendations on phytosanitary measures to the National Plant Protection Organizations. Outline of requirements EPPO Standards on pest risk analysis provide detailed guidance on the analysis of risk from individual pests for a defined area, in relation to their potential status as quarantine pests. The standards are based on the many years of experience of EPPO experts in the EPPO Panel on Pest Risk Analysis development, EPPO Panel on Phytosanitary Measures and EPPO Panel on Invasive Alien Species, who have assessed the status of pests as candidates for the EPPO A1 and A2 lists of pests recommended for regulation, and who have analysed the criteria used for this purpose. They conform to ISPM no. 2 (Framework for pest risk analysis) and ISPM no. 11 (Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including analysis of environmental risks and living modified organisms) and use the terms of ISPM no. 5 (Glossary of phytosanitary terms). Existing EPPO Standards in this series Three EPPO Standards on pest risk analysis have already been approved and published. Each standard is numbered in the style PM 5/1 (1), meaning an EPPO Standard on Phytosanitary Measures (PM), in series no. 5 (Guidelines on pest risk analysis), in this case standard no. 1, first version. The existing standards are: PM 5/1(1) Guidelines on pest risk analysis (PRA). No. 1. Checklist of information required for pest risk analysis (PRA). Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 23, 191–198. PM 5/2 (2). No. 2 Pest risk analysis on detection of a pest in an imported consignment. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO, Bulletin 32, 235–239. PM 5/3(5) Decision-support scheme for quarantine pests – version 2011. This standard is published on the EPPO website (http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOStandards/pra.htm). A computer program CAPRA has been developed by the EPPO Secretariat in the framework of the European Union 7th framework program protect PRATIQUE (Grant agreement No 212 459) and with the support of the EPPO Panels. This program is based on the latest version of the Decision-support scheme for quarantine pests. This software aims to assist pest risk analysts in running the EPPO decision-support scheme for Pest Risk Analysis. It includes links to useful datasets, examples and guidance to ensure consistency in performing pest risk analysis. It can be downloaded at http://capra.eppo.org/. References IPPC (1997) International Plant Protection Convention (new revised text). FAO, Rome (IT). IPPC (2010) Glossary of phytosanitary terms. ISPM no. 5 in International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures. IPPC Secretariat, FAO, Rome (IT). https://www.ippc.int/file_uploaded/1273490046_ISPM_05_2010_E.pdf [accessed on 17 October 2011]. OEPP/EPPO (2011) EPPO Standard PM 1/2 EPPO A1 and A2 lists of pests recommended for regulation in EPPO countries. http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/quarantine.htm [accessed on 17 October 2011]. Volume41, Issue3December 2011Pages 313-314 ReferencesRelatedInformation

The Indian automotive industry, comprising vehicle and component manufacturers, has grown steadily since the economic liberalization of the early 1990’s. The arrival of major global auto companies has galvanised the domestic sector into adopting Supply Chain best practices. This has enhanced competitiveness leading to a quantum growth in exports. However, the Indian automotive industry has to operate in an unique environment further posing challenges to the already complex automobile supply chain. Therefore, a need is felt to continually study supply chain practices in this sector from a contemporary, practitioner’s viewpoint in order to identify key factors of differentiation which would ultimately provide competitive advantage. This paper seeks to understand the present status, complexities and challenges facing the Indian automobile sector. It examines trends such as visibility and innovation, collaboration and supply networks and evolving leadership roles impacting supply chain effectiveness. Strategies for overcoming challenges are presented as also a framework for further study and analysis.

India's demand-supply imbalance electricity market results from the country's rapid population growth and extensive industrialization. Due to increased costs, many residential and commercial customers have difficulty paying their electric bills. Households with lower incomes are confronted with the most severe energy poverty in the entire country. A sustainable and alternative form of energy is required to solve these issues. Solar energy is a sustainable energy choice for India; however, the solar industry faces many issues. One of them is managing end-of-life cycle photovoltaic (PV) waste, as massive deployment of solar energy capacity has resulted in generating large amounts of PV waste, ultimately affecting environmental and human health. Therefore, this research employs "Porter's Five Forces Model" to analyze the factors that significantly impact the competitiveness of India's solar power industry. The inputs for this model consist of semi-structured interviews conducted with experts in the solar power industry on various solar energy-related issues and a critical analysis of the national policy framework using the relevant literature and official statistics. The impact of five significant stakeholders of the solar power industry on solar power generation in India is evaluated: buyers, suppliers, competitors, substitutes, and potential competitors. Research findings indicate the Indian solar power industry's current status, challenges, competition environment, and future estimates. This study will help the government and stakeholders to understand the intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting the competitiveness of the Indian solar power sector and suggest policy recommendations to formulate procurement strategies that promote sustainable development within the solar industry.

With its remarkable growth rate and massive scale, the automobile industry is a key pillar of the Indian economy, as it serves as the backbone for other industries, providing livelihoods to millions of people through direct and indirect employment opportunities, and playing a vital role in shaping the country’s economic landscape. The rapid growth of the digital economy presents the Indian automobile industry with significant regulatory challenges and opportunities. This study investigates how autonomous vehicles, connected vehicles, and electric vehicles affect the regulatory framework. By utilizing secondary data, available from research papers, articles, newspapers, Case studies, Websites, Government reports etc., it recognizes major obstacles in regulations such as: Data privacy and protection, Cybersecurity risk, Intellectual property rights and ownership, Security standards. The study also explores opportunities for innovation and expansion within the digital economy. The intersection of the digital economy, innovation, data privacy, and regulatory framework will be a key determinant of the automobile industry’s future success, shaping its business models, strategies, and direction in the years to come. To provide actionable insights, this research conducts a thorough analysis of the current regulatory framework. By understanding the regulatory implications of emerging technologies, the Indian automobile industry can unlock new growth opportunities, enhance consumer experience, and establish itself as a leader in the global automotive market. This research provides a comprehensive roadmap for stakeholders to navigate the complex regulatory landscape and drive success in the digital age.

The purpose of this research article is to measure the business performance through cloud computing adoption in Indian industries. Data collection was done through a questionnaire-based survey that was completed by 660 managers from Indian industries. The derived hypotheses were tested using structural equation modelling. The results show that six out of eight hypotheses were supported for cloud computing adoption to measure business performance. The research model has been tested empirically through three phases: exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM). The findings are: 1) trust is having a major impact on cloud computing adoption followed by perceived IT security risk, technology innovation, risk analysis, management style; 2) usage of technology and industry use are having very insignificant effect on cloud adoption rate. This research identified 'trust' as a major factor influencing the cloud adoption rate.

Lean and innovation both enhance competitiveness of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in a sustainable way. Lean is efficiency-focused, whereas process innovation emphasises responsiveness. Although lean and process innovation have been separately researched, there is a gap in knowledge on the combinative effect of lean and process innovation on SME supply chain sustainability. SMEs have limited resources and face immense competition. Therefore, their supply chain sustainability can only be achieved through appropriate trade-offs between economic, environment and social aspects of business. The purpose of this chapter is to understand the combinative effect of innovation led lean practices on supply chain sustainability of SMEs through developing a framework based on data envelopment analysis (DEA). The proposed framework is applied for assessing and improving the supply chain sustainability of a group of SMEs in the Eastern part of India. Lean and innovation are considered as input criteria, and economic, operational, environmental and social aspects are considered as output criteria of the proposed framework for supply chain sustainability analysis of SMEs. The findings are useful for policymakers to segregate SMEs on the basis of efficiency. Individual SMEs can derive improvement measures through benchmarking with appropriate peers. The study also reveals that inefficient SMEs can use an innovation-led lean approach to achieve sustainability. This research contributes an innovative model to analyse SMEs’ supply chains to achieve sustainability through a combined process innovation and lean approach. According to the authors’ knowledge there is no prior work that combines lean and innovation to achieve SME sustainability. The effectiveness of the proposed framework has been demonstrated within SME supply chains in Indian industries.

Integrated real-time flood risk identification, analysis, and diagnosis model framework for a multireservoir system considering temporally and spatially dependent forecast uncertainties

Analytical framework for social media risk analysis in organizations

Financialization has contributed to economic growth but has caused scandals, misselling, rogue trading, tax evasion, and market speculation. To a certain extent, it has also created problems in social and economic instability. It is an important aspect of Enterprise Security, Privacy, and Risk (ESPR), particularly in risk research and analysis. In order to minimize the damaging impacts caused by the lack of regulatory compliance, governance, ethical responsibilities, and trust, we propose a Business Integrity Modeling and Analysis (BIMA) framework to unify business integrity with performance using big data predictive analytics and business intelligence. Comprehensive services include modeling risk and asset prices, and consequently, aligning them with business strategies, making our services, according to market trend analysis, both transparent and fair. The BIMA framework uses Monte Carlo simulation, the Black–Scholes–Merton model, and the Heston model for performing financial, operational, and liquidity risk analysis and present outputs in the form of analytics and visualization. Our results and analysis demonstrate supplier bankruptcy modeling, risk pricing, high-frequency pricing simulations, London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) rate simulation, and speculation detection results to provide a variety of critical risk analysis. Our approaches to tackle problems caused by financial services and the operational risk clearly demonstrate that the BIMA framework, as the outputs of our data analytics research, can effectively combine integrity and risk analysis together with overall business performance and can contribute to operational risk research.