Abstract
Nanotechnology is a new and developing branch that has revolutionized the world by its applications in various fields including medicine and agriculture. In nanotechnology, nanoparticles play an important role in diagnostics, drug delivery, and therapy. The synthesis of nanoparticles by fungi is a novel, cost-effective and eco-friendly approach. Among fungi, Fusarium spp. play an important role in the synthesis of nanoparticles and can be considered as a nanofactory for the fabrication of nanoparticles. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Fusarium, its mechanism and applications are discussed in this review. The synthesis of nanoparticles from Fusarium is the biogenic and green approach. Fusaria are found to be a versatile biological system with the ability to synthesize nanoparticles extracellularly. Different species of Fusaria have the potential to synthesise nanoparticles. Among these, F. oxysporum has demonstrated a high potential for the synthesis of AgNPs. It is hypothesised that NADH-dependent nitrate reductase enzyme secreted by F. oxysporum is responsible for the reduction of aqueous silver ions into AgNPs. The toxicity of nanoparticles depends upon the shape, size, surface charge, and the concentration used. The nanoparticles synthesised by different species of Fusaria can be used in medicine and agriculture.
Highlights
Nanotechnology is an emerging branch of science having enormous applications in almost all fields related to human life
One of the hypothetical mechanisms proposed is that NADH-dependent nitrate reductase enzyme secreted by F. oxysporum is responsible for the reduction of aqueous silver ions into AgNPs [16]
A similar mechanism has been proposed by Ingle et al [10] in case of synthesis of AgNPs from F. acuminatum, and they pointed the involvement of cofactor NADH and nitrate reductase enzyme in the biosynthesis of AgNPs because they reported the presence of nitrate reductase in fungal cell-free extract using specific substrate utilizing discs for nitrate purchased from Hi-Media Pvt
Summary
Nanotechnology is an emerging branch of science having enormous applications in almost all fields related to human life. Gade et al [15] stated the advantages of using filamentous fungi over other biological agents (e.g., bacteria) for the synthesis of nanoparticles These mainly include high tolerance towards heavy metals, it is easy to culture fungi at mass level, synthesis of nanoparticles is extracellular which reduces the cost of down streaming, etc. The extracellular production of enzymes has an added benefit in the downstream handling of biomass [62] as compared to other biosystems like bacteria and plants Using these expedient properties of Fusarium, it could be comprehensively used for the rapid and eco-friendly biosynthesis of nanoparticles [53]. Gaikwad and colleagues [30] have screened eleven different Fusarium species isolated from various infected plant materials for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).
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