Further Evidence That Female Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Utilizes Photo-Degradation to Produce Volatiles That Are Attractive to Adult Males

Abstract

The Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae), is a serious pest of over 43 species of hardwood trees in North America, China and Europe. The development of an effective lure and trap for monitoring A. glabripennis has been hindered by the fact that mate finding involves a rather complex series of behaviors and responses to several chemical (and visual), cues. Adults (female-biased) locate a tree via host kairomones. Research has demonstrated that female contact pheromone components are precursors that undergo abiotic oxidation to yield attractive volatile components. Males also produce a pheromone to attract other adults nearby before the final step of recognition by males to the female-produced trail and contact pheromones. Our research aimed to identify new female-produced components from ozone and UV-treated A. glabripennis body washes and test them for behavioral activity using laboratory and field assays. The ozone and UV treatment of virgin female extract yielded sixteen aldehydes, nine of which were found in trace amounts. All sixteen aldehydes elicited antennal responses (GC-EAD) in both males and females, although responses were clearer and more distinct with standards of hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, undecanal and dodecanal. Olfactometer assays showed that males were highly attracted to a blend of these seven aldehydes. Females did not show any attraction to the blend in olfactometer assays. Despite low population levels during field tests in 2018 in China, traps containing the aldehyde blend detected A. glabripennis on a weekly basis over 6 weeks and caught significantly more adults (mainly males) than control ‘flight intercept panel’ traps. Field tests in China in 2019 that used the aldehyde blend along with a three-component host blend lure also caught significantly more males (nearly 5×) than blank control traps.