Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum Linn), a member of Liliaceae family has been used in different cultures as foodstuffs and medicine. It possesses potent biological activities, i.e., anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, and anti-atherosclerotic properties that are accredited to the organosulfur compound (OSCs) as well as other phytochemicals content of garlic, viz., phenolic acids, flavonoids, thiosulfinates, and anthocyanins that either work alone or synergistically by complex mechanisms. Among all the dietary phytochemicals from A. sativum Linn, OSCs have been found to show greater effects against various metabolic disorders. Major OSCs from garlic owing to its high therapeutic and pharmacological properties are allicin, diallyl trisulfide (DAT), allyl methyl trisulfide, diallyl disulfide (DAD), ajoene, and many others. The current chapter summarizes the therapeutic efficacy of garlic and its bio-active OSCs against risk factor-mediated atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) via modulation of distinct molecular mechanisms, i.e., antioxidant potential, lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, HDL functionality through paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity, HMG-CoA reductase (HMG-R) expression and functionality, LDL-receptor (LDL-R), LDL oxidation status, effects on macrophage, foam cell formation and plaque stabilization, inflammatory signalling pathways and hypertension, etc. We also hypothesized that garlic and its OSCs could be beneficial in targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK-9) and LDL-R pathway in order to treat and manage hypercholesterolemia especially for the patients facing inadequate lipid lowering with classical HMG-R inhibitors (statins) and statin intolerance. Finally to sum up the whole, we conclude that the garlic and its OSCs may be promoted from alternative to mainstream medicine in targeting risk factor-mediated ASCVD.
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