Abstract
Functionalized nanomaterials of various categories are essential for developing cancer nano-theranostics for brain diseases; however, some limitations exist in their effectiveness and clinical translation, such as toxicity, limited tumor penetration, and inability to cross blood–brain and blood-tumor barriers. Metal nanomaterials with functional fluorescent tags possess unique properties in improving their functional properties, including surface plasmon resonance (SPR), superparamagnetism, and photo/bioluminescence, which facilitates imaging applications in addition to their deliveries. Moreover, these multifunctional nanomaterials could be synthesized through various chemical modifications on their physical surfaces via attaching targeting peptides, fluorophores, and quantum dots (QD), which could improve the application of these nanomaterials by facilitating theranostic modalities. In addition to their inherent CT (Computed Tomography), MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), PAI (Photo-acoustic imaging), and X-ray contrast imaging, various multifunctional nanoparticles with imaging probes serve as brain-targeted imaging candidates in several imaging modalities. The primary criteria of these functional nanomaterials for translational application to the brain must be zero toxicity. Moreover, the beneficial aspects of nano-theranostics of nanoparticles are their multifunctional systems proportioned towards personalized disease management via comprising diagnostic and therapeutic abilities in a single biodegradable nanomaterial. This review highlights the emerging aspects of engineered nanomaterials to reach and deliver therapeutics to the brain and how to improve this by adopting the imaging modalities for theranostic applications.
Highlights
Nanomaterials Improving Theranostic Imaging ModalitiesTheranostic nanoparticles in molecular imaging significantly impact non-invasive strategies to understand biological and biochemical events in intact cells within living subjects
Introduction published maps and institutional affilThe remarkable developments in multimodal molecular imaging methods using various functional nanomaterials have led to the translation of many novel materials into the clinic
The potential growth of nanotechnology in molecular imaging with the advances in brain theranostic imaging has been evidenced by various studies, which effectively achieved early diagnoses with therapies
Summary
Theranostic nanoparticles in molecular imaging significantly impact non-invasive strategies to understand biological and biochemical events in intact cells within living subjects. This is emerging as a novel therapeutic administrative strategy for delivering pharmacologically active moieties, imaging agents, and nanomaterials for functional mechanistic activations This approach is currently a prominent and emerging method for glioma treatments of the brain than other modalities because they offer potential drug delivery towards other neurological disorders in the brain [95]. The recent developments of multifunctional, cancer-targeted nanotheranostics comprised of targeting molecules, imaging agents, and therapeutic agents, for MRI-based diagnosis and treatment of tumors and other brain-related disorders in vivo support this outcome [106] Another challenge for clinical translation of novel contrast agents is the high dose necessary to achieve the desired diagnostic and therapeutic response, creating safety and toxicity issues. This may possibly prove the novel therapeutic innovations in brain-related disorders with multimodal imaging applications
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