Abstract
Apple geminivirus (AGV) is a recently identified geminivirus which is isolated from the apple tree in China. We carried out functional scanning of apple geminivirus proteins as symptom determinants and suppressors of posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Our results indicated that AGV V2 is an important virulence factor localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm that suppresses PTGS and induces severe symptoms of crinkling and necrosis. AGV C1 is also a virulence determinant which elicits systemic necrosis when expressed from a PVX-based vector. The AGV C4 is targeted to cytoplasm, plasma membrane, nucleus, and chloroplasts. The inoculation of PVX-C4 on N. benthamiana induced severe upward leaf curling, which implied that AGV C4 also functions as a symptom determinant, and mutation analyses suggested that the acylated residues on Gly2 and Cys8 play important roles in its subcellular localization and symptom development.
Highlights
Geminiviruses are a large family of single-stranded DNA viruses that can infect a broad range of plants in most parts of the world [1,2]
N. benthamiana induced severe upward leaf curling, which implied that apple geminivirus (AGV) C4 functions as a symptom determinant, and mutation analyses suggested that the acylated residues on Gly2 and
Among them seven geminiviruses infecting jatropha belong to the genus Begomovirus [4,5,6], grapevine red blotch virus belongs to the genus Grablovirus [7,8,9], while citrus chlorotic dwarf associated virus [10], mulberry mosaic dwarf associated virus [11], apple geminivirus (AGV) [12], and grapevine geminivirus A [13]
Summary
Geminiviruses are a large family of single-stranded DNA viruses that can infect a broad range of plants in most parts of the world [1,2]. Among them seven geminiviruses infecting jatropha belong to the genus Begomovirus [4,5,6], grapevine red blotch virus belongs to the genus Grablovirus [7,8,9], while citrus chlorotic dwarf associated virus [10], mulberry mosaic dwarf associated virus [11], apple geminivirus (AGV) [12], and grapevine geminivirus A [13]. The AGV genome consists of a single ~2.9 k nucleotides circular ssDNA that contains six open reading frames (ORFs) on both strands of the double-stranded replicative form. Viruses 2018, 10, 488 necrosis when expressed from a PVX-based vector; AGV C4 functions as a symptom determinant, and the putative acylated residues Gly and Cys play important roles in its subcellular localization and symptom development
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