Functional and Nutraceutical Properties of Protein and Polyphenols Extracted From Agro‐Industrial Waste: A Comprehensive Review

ABSTRACTFicus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae) is a well-known medicinal plant used in customary medication among the Malay people to reduce and mend sicknesses such as ulcers, psoriasis, cytotoxicity, cardioprotective, inflammation, jaundice, vitiligo, hemorrhage, diabetes, convulsion, hepatitis, dysentery injuries, wounds, and stiffness. Ficus deltoidea contains a wide variety of bioactive compounds from different phytochemical groups such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenes, carbohydrates, and proteins. The genus Ficus has several hundreds of species, which shows excellent therapeutic effects and a wide variety of helpful properties for human welfare. Searching information was collected by using electronic databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, SciFinder, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar. This review is, therefore, an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties of Ficus and its important species. This summary could be beneficial for future research aiming to exploit the therapeutic potential of Ficus and its useful medicinal species.

Release and possible mechanism of extractable and non-extractable polyphenols from highland barley bran using chemical and physiological methods

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Little studies on chia sprouts were not deeply address the polyphenols profiles and their functional properties during long period of germination. This study aims to evaluate the impact of germination process on the phenolic profile, antioxidant and antibacterial properties and relevant enzymes activities of Egyptian chia seeds. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of chia sprouts increased several times during ten days of germination and maximized on 7-day sprouts (6.4 and 11.5 folds, respectively). In HPLC analysis, seventeen phenolic compounds were detected on 7-day sprouts compared to fifteen in dry seeds, where two new phenolic compounds (p-coumaric acid and kaempferol) were detected. The concentrations of all the identified phenolic compounds increased several folds (1.8-27) on 7-day sprouts. The total antioxidant activity increased 10, 17, and 29 folds on 7-day sprouts using DPPH, ABTS and PMC antioxidant methods, respectively compared to the dry seeds. Both antioxidant and carbohydrate-cleaving enzymes increased in chia sprouts and correlated with their phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The phenolic content of 7-day sprouts showed a potent antibacterial activity against some human enteric pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli O157-H7, Salmonellatyphi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus with lower MIC values compared to the raw seeds.

Phenolic compounds of “blue food” Porphyra haitanensis: Chemical fingerprints, antioxidant activities, and in vitro antiproliferative activities against HepG2 cells

Potatoes can be stored for up to 1 year before being processed and consumed. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which fresh and stored color-fleshed potatoes retain their anticancer properties after baking and chipping compared with unprocessed potatoes. We utilized white-, yellow-, and purple-fleshed potato clones and tested their phenolic and anthocyanin content, antioxidant activity, metabolite profile, and antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic properties. When compared with unprocessed samples, baking or chipping led to significant losses in the phenolic and anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of the potatoes. However, with storage, total phenolic and anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity increased in baked samples while in the chipped samples they remained constant. Ethanolic extracts of baked and chipped samples suppressed proliferation and elevated apoptosis (p < 0.05) in HCT-116 (p53 wild-type; ras mutated) and HT-29 (p53 mutated; ras wild-type) human colon cancer cell lines. Antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic properties of baked potatoes were similar to that of fresh potatoes, while chipping caused a significant suppression. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of purple-fleshed potatoes, after baking, were comparable with those of anthocyanin-rich berries. Hence, purple-fleshed potatoes can be a healthier choice for consumers as they possess greater levels of bioactive compounds and anticancer properties even after processing as compared with their white- and yellow-fleshed counterparts.

Postprandial LDL phenolic content and LDL oxidation are modulated by olive oil phenolic compounds in humans

SummaryThe effects of extraction temperature (23, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90°C), mass ratio of extract: dry tea leaf (5:1 and 10:1) and flow rate of water (0.1 and 0.2m3/h) on extraction of total polyphenols, flavonoids and non‐flavonoid phenols from rooibos tea were determined with a single‐stage batch‐extraction system. Extraction of the different phenolic groups from tea leaves increased significantly with increasing temperature. The increase in total polyphenol extraction was due mainly to increasing extraction of flavonoids. Increasing mass ratio and decreasing flow rate resulted in better extraction of the different phenolic groups. The phenolic content of extract soluble solids also increased significantly with temperature. At extraction temperatures 23 and 50°C, increasing mass ratio resulted in a significant increase in total polyphenol and flavonoid content of the soluble solids. The non‐flavonoid phenol content increased significantly with increasing mass ratio at temperatures above 23°C. Flow rate did not significantly affect the total phenolic and flavonoid content of soluble solids.

SummaryThe health benefits of fruits are attributable in part to their bioactive components such as phenolics and pectic polysaccharides. By‐products derived from kiwifruit processing can be a good source of such bioactive compounds. Extracts were produced using different concentrations of ethanol in water (0%, 30%, 50%, 74% and 96% v/v) from by‐products (skin, residue and pulp) of the green‐fleshed kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa‘Hayward’) juicing process. The amounts of phenolic compounds and uronic acid (UA) as well as the phenolic composition in each extract were determined. Results show that different by‐products contained different concentrations of phenolics and pectic polysaccharides. Based on total phenolic contents, 96% v/v ethanol appeared to be the best extraction medium. The 30% or 74% ethanolic dilution was the second best medium for phenolic extraction from skin and pulp/residue, respectively. Water was a good medium for extracting satisfactory quantities of phenolics as well as the highest concentration of pectic polysaccharides. Phenolic profiling by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect individual phenolic compounds in an extract. Results using HPLC showed that alkali pre‐treatment has improved the extraction efficiency of phenolics as a function of alkali concentration, fruit tissue type, extraction media, by‐product preparation method, and class of polyphenols. As a result more efficient methods for both extraction and characterisation of polyphenols could be evaluated.

Apple has a tremendous supply of minerals, vitamins C, B Group and phenolic compounds. It has antioxidant properties and maintains genetic content against oxidative stress. In animal experiments, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) has demonstrated genotoxic effects. In this study, the genoprotective effects versus the MMS genotoxicity of red apple extracts were investigated. Red apples (Red Delicious cultivar) were chopped in thin slices and three types of extracts consisting polyphenolic, hydroalcoholic and aqueous were taken. Lymphocytes were pre-incubated with various concentrations of extracts and then were exposed to 10μM of MMS. This was made possible by using alkaline comet assay and analysis of comet images. The total phenolic content (TPC) for polyphenolic, hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts were obtained 127.74 ± 4.26, 118.12 ± 4.47 and 84.79 ± 4.26 mg/g, respectively. The extracts consisted of 48.92 ± 1.02, 42.09 ± 3.36, 29.08 ± 3.23 mg/g of total flavonoid (TF). The results illustrated that in genoprotective concentrations of 1, 10 and 100μg/ml for all these extracts, the tail length and tail moment variables were significantly lower than the positive control (10μM of MMS) (p< 0.05). In this study, results revealed that these extracts were able to protect lymphocytes against MMS. By considering the TPC and TF values, the polyphenolic and hydroalcoholic extracts had more genoprotective activity compared to the aqueous extract. The polyphenolic extract was proved to be the most protective extract of all.

A global tendency for products considered environmentally sustainable, and ecologically obtained led the industry related to personal care formulations to fund the research and the development of personal care/cosmetics containing ingredients from natural resources. Furthermore, consumers are aware of environmental and sustainability issueans, thus not harming the environment represents a key consideration when developing a new cosmetic ingredient. In this study we review some examples of active ingredients or raw materials used in cosmetics/personal care/biomedical products that are coming from either through biotechnological systems, or as byproducts of several industries. A skin formulation containing biosynthetic actives, prepared by us and the study regarding its dermocosmetic properties are also described. The need for the standardization processes, the safety assessment tools, the improvement of the exploitation methods of these renewable sources in order the production to be ecologically and economically better are also discussed.

The valorization of olive pomace through the extraction of phenolic compounds at an industrial scale is influenced by several factors that can have a significant impact on the feasibility of this approach. These include the types and levels of phenolic compounds that are present, the impact that seasonal variation and cultivar type have on the phenolic compound content in both olive pomace and mill effluents and the technological approach used to process the olive crop. Chemical analysis of phenolic compounds was performed using an HPLC-diode-array detector (DAD)-qTOF system, resulting in the identification of 45 compounds in olive mill wastewater and pomace, where secoiridoids comprised 50–60% of the total phenolic content. This study examined three different factors that could impact the phenolic compound content of these processing streams, including cultivar types typically grown on local farms in Slovenia, the type of downstream processing used and seasonality effects. Olive crop varieties sourced from local farms showed high variability, and the highest phenolic content was associated with the local variety “Istrska Belica”. During processing, the phenolic content was on average approximately 50% higher during two-phase decanting compared to three-phase decanting and the type of compound present significantly different. An investigation into the seasonal effects revealed that the phenolic content was 20% higher during the 2019 growing season compared to 2018. A larger sample size over additional growing seasons is required to fully understand the annual variation in phenolic compound content. The methods and results used in this study provide a basis for further analysis of phenolic compounds present in the European Union’s olive crop processing residues and will inform techno-economic modelling for the development of olive biorefineries in Slovenia.

Objectives: To find out the effect of ultrasonic assisted extraction with various solvents of phenolic and flavonoid compound extracted from P. niruri. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Phenolic content from P. niruri was analyzed using Singleton’s method while the flavonoid content was analyzed by aluminum chloride colorimetric assay. Findings: The polyphenols extraction was greatly affected by the solvent type and concentration, particle size of the plant powder, solid liquid ratio and frequency. The highest phenolic content and flavonoid content were obtained at the solid ratio of 2g dry weight P. niruri powder at 119.28 mg GAE/g DW and 75.86 mg QE/g DW. Application/Improvements: The phenolic and flavonoid content reached its optimum extraction yield at the particle size of 125 µm, using 40% EtOH as solvent and the extraction yield increased when the ultrasonic frequency is increased to 53 kHz. The extraction method used in this work may serve as a useful guide to obtain optimum polyphenol extraction from P. niruri. Keywords: Phyllanthus niruri, Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoid Content, Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction

In folk medicine Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) L. (Malvaceae) has been used for the treatment of several ailments. HS leaf is highly enriched with polyphenol and many polyphenols is a very promising anticancer bioactive marker as inhibition of cell propagation and induction of differentiation. Therefore the main object of this research is to investigate the cytotoxic and anti-cancer activity of leaf extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Cytotoxic effect of polyphenol extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa leaves on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7, T-47-D and MDA-MB-231) were investigated using SRB assay. Total phenolic and flavonoids contents were determined using HPTLC methods. In vitro, antioxidant activity was also determined. Antimetastasis, neovascularization potential of the extract was carried out in vivo study on the zebra fish model compared with standard drug paclitaxel. Extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa showed 50% growth inhibition of MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and T-47-D cells in dose dependant manner, respectively as compared to standard drug adriamycin. HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds and Significant (p<0.05) antioxidant activity was observed. Consistent with in vitro data, the polyphenol extract showed significant tumor growth inhibition (45 ± 2.24%) in zebra fish equivalent to paclitaxel. The extract significantly reduced the angiogenesis (15 ± 0.7%) (p<0.05) and inhibit the metastasis compared to the negative control group. The effective dose of 80 μg treatments reduced up to 60% of the tumor cells compared to the model. Similar reductions in neovascularization level and mortality levels were observed. Results reflected cytotoxicity in breast cancer cell lines and inhibits the growth of breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231) and estrogen receptor-expressing breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and T-47-D), significant prevention of metastasis, and angiogenesis in zebra fish suggesting Hibiscus sabdariffa has the potential to be a good anti-cancer agent for breast cancer.

Phenolic acids are found in abundance throughout the plant kingdom. Consumption of wine or other rich sources of phenolic acids, such as the "Mediterranean diet," has been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. The underlying mechanism(s), however, has remained unclear. Here, we show that many phenolic acids, including those from the hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acid classes, can bind and activate GPR109A (HM74a/PUMA-G), the receptor for the antidyslipidemic agent nicotinic acid. In keeping with this activity, treatment with a number of phenolic acids, including cinnamic acid, reduces lipolysis in cultured human adipocytes and in fat pats isolated from wild-type mice but not from mice deficient of GPR109A. Oral administration of cinnamic acid significantly reduces plasma levels of FFA in the wild type but not in mice deficient of GPR109A. Activation of GPR109A by phenolic acids may thus contribute to a cardiovascular benefit of these plant-derived products.