Fully Implanted Miniature Radio Controller Boosts Cyborg Insect Mobility in Challenging Terrains

Insects have been integrated with electronic systems to create cyborg insects for various practical applications by utilizing their inherent adaptability and mobility. Nevertheless, most cyborg insects’ preparation depends on the invasive method, which can cause harm to critical sensory organs and restrict the obstacle-negotiating capabilities of cyborg insects. We present wearable devices with headgear and abdominal buckle that address these challenges using hooking mechanisms, multimaterial 3-dimensional printing, and selective electroless plating. These devices attach securely to the antenna scape and abdominal tergum without damaging functional organs, thereby preserving the insect’s natural sensory functions and physical intactness. Besides, the electrodes attach and detach easily without using adhesives, reducing the time required for cyborg insect preparation and enabling the reuse of insects. Experiments show that cyborg insects with wearable devices spend less time traversing obstacles than those prepared using invasive methods. Additionally, the potential for practical navigation tasks is further demonstrated by the cyborg insect’s capacity to navigate along the “S”-path. This work advances scalable, efficient, and ethical utilization of cyborg insects in the fields of robotics and biohybrid systems.

This paper deals with the experimental verification of the conventional design of pile caps, ACI 318-14, chapter thirteen. Six reinforced concrete pile cap specimens were designed according to the conventional theory, constructed, tested till failure, and then, compared to the theoretical design ones. The six specimens were divided into two groups; group A in which the spacing between piles was 270 mm, and group B; in which the spacing between piles was 410 mm. Every group contained three pile cap specimens, which were; two pile-cap specimens, three pile-cap specimens and four pile-cap specimens. The two pile-caps were 700 mm in length, 270 mm in height and 240 mm in width, while the three pile-caps were 586 mm in length, 270 mm in height and 700 mm in width. The four pile-caps were 700 mm in length, 270 mm in height and 700 mm in width. It is found that the experimental loads were higher than the design theoretical loads by (180–220)%. That takes place because the conventional method deals with Bernoulli region, while the pile cap is deep. In addition, ACI-318 procedures do not take into consideration the longitudinal reinforcement amount and overemphasize the role of the effective depth.

Manufacturing accuracy and volumetric changes of stereolithography additively manufactured zirconia with different porosities

Cyborg insects have been proposed for applications such as urban search and rescue. Body-mounted energy-harvesting devices are critical for expanding the range of activity and functionality of cyborg insects. However, their power outputs are limited to less than 1 mW, which is considerably lower than those required for wireless locomotion control. The area and load of the energy harvesting device considerably impair the mobility of tiny robots. Here, we describe the integration of an ultrasoft organic solar cell module on cyborg insects that preserves their motion abilities. Our quantified system design strategy, developed using a combination of ultrathin film electronics and an adhesive–nonadhesive interleaving structure to perform basic insect motion, successfully achieved the fundamental locomotion of traversing and self-righting. The body-mounted ultrathin organic solar cell module achieves a power output of 17.2 mW. We demonstrate its feasibility by displaying the recharging wireless locomotion control of cyborg insects.

The objective of this work is to develop a 3D measuring system for on-line 3D measurement in industry locale. Our system is based on the depth image using a structured-light method. A generator emitting a single stripe light and a camera are used to establish a 3D vision measurement system which is also called as a subsystem. But it only can obtain the depth image of a part at the measured object section. Our system is made up of four subsystems placed symmetrically in space. The depth images obtained by the subsystems are joined to form the depth image of a full section. If the object is uniformly shafted along a fixed beeline direction, the depth image of the full object surface is achieved. The indefiniteness in the image combination criterion can be removed when using the depth image. This paper introduces the system principle and the mathematical model. The algorithm is proposed with system parameters. A prototype is developed. The system has the range of 100mm in height x 100mm in width. The length is not limited. The measuring error is less than 0.5mm in height and width and less than 0.01mm in length. The characteristics make the system suitable for on-line 3D shape measurement and non-contact measurement with high speed.

he high demand on poultry meat has caused poultry slaughtering industries to keep innovating to improve their productions. One of efforts to improve production is by producing a chicken feather plucker machine to ease and shorten the time to do so. Methods employed to produce this machine were: survey and literature study, chicken feather plucker machine design, machine plan calculation, component assembly, machine trial, data collection, and conclusion. This chicken feather plucker machine was driven by electric motor ¼ HP with shaft rotary of plucker by 225 rpm. It has portable design with dimensions of being used by 1036 mm in length x 800 mm in width x 1300 mm in height, as well as dimensions of being unused by 1347 mm in length x 1800 mm in width x 1300 mm in height, equipped with wheels to ease the movement to other places. The transmission system used 2 pulleys type B and V-belt type B-25. Diameter of driving pulley was 6 inches = 152.4 mm and that of driven pulley was 2 inches = 50.8 mm. The shaft was made of steel st60 with 25 mm in diameter and 223 mm in length. NACHI bearing 6005 with diameter of shaft hole by 25 mm was used. The results of trial reported that to process 2 to 4 chickens simultaneously required 3 minutes for getting the plucking result by 90% Keywords: machine, chicken feather plucker, portable

A captive breeding program of the Siamese Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle, Chitra chitra Nutphand, 1986, the world’s largest softshell turtle and a critically endangered species, was conducted at Kanchanaburi Inland Fisheries Research and Development Center, Kanchanaburi Province, C. chitra laid eggs from February through April in artificial sandbanks. Each female produced up to 4 clutches/year with 40-88 eggs/clutch. Egg sizes (n=220) were 31.94±1.57 mm in width, 33.16±1.54 mm in length and 19.00±1.67 g in weight. The mean incubation time of C. chitra eggs was 59±3 days (n = 255) with a range of 55-65 days at 24-42 ℃ air temperature and 24-39 ℃ sand temperature. Hatchling sizes (n=297) were 38.46±1.52 mm in carapace width, 42.97±1.59 mm in carapace length and 13.10±1.03 g in weight. The hatching success in each clutch varied from 3 to 94 %. The hatchlings were fed with fry fishes of Labeo rohita and Oreochromis niloticus. After 14 weeks, the mean hatchling size was 86.70±5.17 mm in carapace width, 91.72±5.75 mm in carapace length and 103.97±18.08 g in weight. The survival rate of juveniles was 90.64%. Morphometric comparisons of skulls and carapaces of C. chitra and c. indica, based on 27 skull ratio characters and 53 carapace ratio characters, showed that there were clear osteological differences between Indian and Thai forms. The magnitude of the variation supports the argument that Thai animals warrant specific status. The eggshell structure of wild C. chitra was studied. The result of SEM showed that the eggshell had three layers; an outer calcareous sheet, a middle crystalline layer and an inner fibrous layer. The eggshells were composed of oxygen (52.96±4.81%), carbon (35.03±9.17%), magnesium (5.55±0.34%), calcium (5.37±7.16%), silica (2,87±1.64%), aluminum (2.30±1.07%), potassium (0.17±0.1%), and sodium (0.74±0.3%). The eggshell was the aragonite form of CaCO3. This study confirms that C. chitra still exists in the Mae Klong and Chao Phraya river systems but is very rare. Another species, C. burmanica Jaruthanin, 2002 or C. vandijki McCord & Pritchard, 2002, was found in the Salween river system during the survey. A new record of C. chitra in the Mae Ping River was also reported in this study. Due to the rapid decline of the natural population of C. chitra, the conservation management is urgently needed.

The integration of electronic stimulation devices with insects in the context of cyborg insect systems has great application potential, particularly in the fields of environmental monitoring, urban surveillance, and rescue missions. Despite considerable advantages compared to the current robot technology, including flexibility, durability, and low energy consumption, this integration faces certain challenges related to the potential risk of charge accumulation caused by prolonged and repetitive electrical stimulations. To address these challenges, this study proposes a universal system for remote signal output control using infrared signals. The proposed system integrates high-precision digital-to-analog converters capable of generating customized waveform electrical stimulation signals within defined ranges. This enhances the accuracy of locomotion control in cyborg insects while maintaining real-time control and dynamic parameter adjustment. The proposed system is verified by experiments. The experimental results show that the signals generated by the proposed system have a success rate of over 76.25% in controlling the turning locomotion of cyborg insects, which is higher than previously reported results. In addition, the charge-balanced characteristics of these signals can minimize muscle tissue damage, thus substantially enhancing control repeatability. This study provides a comprehensive solution for the remote control and monitoring of cyborg insects, whose flexibility and adaptability can meet various application and experimental requirements. The results presented in this study lay a robust foundation for further advancement of various technologies, particularly those related to cyborg insect locomotion control systems and wireless control mechanisms for cyborg insects.

A primary pipe rupture accident is one of the design-basis accidents of a Very-High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR). When a primary pipe rupture accident occurs, air is expected to enter into the reactor pressure vessel from the breach and oxidize in-core graphite structures. Therefore, it is important to understand the mixing processes of different kinds of gases in the stable and unstable stratified fluid layers. In particular, it is also important to examine the influence of localized natural convection and molecular diffusion on the mixing process from a safety viewpoint. Therefore, in order to predict or analyze the air ingress phenomena during a pipe rupture accident, it is important to develop a method for the prevention of air ingress during an accident. We carried out experiments to obtain the mixing process of two-component gases and flow characteristics of localized natural convection. This study also investigated a control method for the natural circulation of air through the injection of helium gas. An experiment has been carried out to investigate a control method of natural circulation of air by injection of helium gas. The experimental apparatus consists of a reverse U-sharped vertical slot and a storage tank. One side-slot consists of the heated and cooled walls. The other side-slot consists of the two cooled walls. The dimensions of the vertical slots are 598 mm in height, 208 mm in depth, and 70 mm in width. Each two vertical slots were connected and were a reverse U-shaped passage. The dimensions of the connecting passage were 16 mm in height, 106 mm in depth, and 210 mm in length. The storage tank was connected to the lower part of the reverse U-shaped passage. The dimensions of the storage tank were 398 mm in length, 398 mm in depth, and 548 mm in width. The reverse U-shaped passage and the storage tank were separated by a partition plate. The wall and gas temperature were measured by a K-type thermocouple. Experimental results regarding mixing process of two component gases in vertical fluid layer were as follows. The heavy gas was transported to the slot by the molecular diffusion and natural convection. As time elapses, natural circulation of heavy gas suddenly occurs through the reverse U-shaped slot. As a result of experiments, the onset time of natural circulation is affected by not only molecular diffusion coefficient but also the strength of natural convection. When the helium gas is injected into the channel, it is possible to control the natural circulation of air. The onset time of the reproduction of the natural circulation can be varied by changing the injection rate of the helium gas.

In this paper, we describe the design details of a prototype DEVU25.20h, a 9 mm minimum gap, hybrid undulator designed, built, and measured in house at the IDD Laboratory, DAVV, Indore, India. The undulator is a NdFeB-based hybrid undulator with 25 period and 20 mm each period length. Low-cost M35 grade cobalt steel is used as the pole material of the undulator. The magnet size is 6.25 mm in width, 6.25 mm in height, and 50 mm in length. The pole size is 3.75 mm in width, 4.7 mm in height, and 50 mm in length. The gap is manually driven. The 20 periods are arranged in 112 mm wide and 500 mm long 316 steel jaws. The two jaws are held in a rigid variable gap support structure giving a minimum gap of 9 mm. The hybrid undulator is designed as asymmetric structure, i.e., one end starts with a magnet and terminates with a pole at the other end. The measured performance and characteristics of the undulator are evaluated with RADIA.

Dependence of fracture properties and hardening was examined as a function of helium production in tensile specimens of a martensitic steel F82H (Fe-8Cr-2W-0.1C-0.04Ta) irradiated at 300°C to 2.3 dpa by neutron irradiation in the JMTR (Japan Materials Testing Reactor). The specimens used in this study were F82H, F82H+60ppm 1 1 B, F82H+30 ppm ( 1 1 B+ 1 0 B) and F82H+60ppm 1 0 B. The helium range produced from 1 0 B (n,α) 7 Li reaction was from 5 to 330 appm in the specimens. The tensile testing was performed at 25°C. The radiation hardening due to helium production was detected at 330appmHe. The degradation of fracture stress due to helium production was approximately evaluated from the fracture strength and the reduction area. Effect of specimen size on tensile and Charpy impact properties in F82H doped with 60ppm boron and 200 ppm nitrogen was also examined. The JIS 14A and SS-J3 (Small Size-Japanese-3 type) were used for the tensile specimens, and half size (55 mm in length, 10 mm in height and 5 mm in width) and 0.5-1/3CVN (18 mm in length, 3.3 mm in height and 1.65 mm in width) were used for the Charpy impact testing. The tensile properties were a similar to each other. However, the ductile-brittle transition temperature measured in smaller size specimen was somewhat lower than that in the standard size specimen.

Introduction: Digital radiography can take accurate measurements. In implant dentistry, intraoral periapical (PA), bite-wing (BW) and panoramic (OPG) radiographs are being used, although it had limitations of distortion. This research aims to assess the accuracy of digital radiography in measuring dental implants and to evaluate the SIDEXIS software’s reliability in measuring their dimensions.Materials and Methods: Over 192 implants from 316 radiographs were selected. All radiographs were analyzed using SIDEXIS software. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS.Results: Statistically significant differences (P < 0.5) between the actual heights and widths compared to the measured radiographic dimensions. Over all the distortion was greatest in OPGs. The magnifications were 2.48mm in height and 0.82mm in width for OPGS, 0.17mm in width for BWs while in PAs it was 1.37mm in height and 0.156mm in width. The magnification was more in maxilla for PAs and OPGs. Anteriorly the PAs had the greatest magnification (2.16mm), and OPGs had the greatest at (3.03mm) in height posteriorly.Conclusion: Digital OPG, PA and Bitewing radiographs are reliable for performing dimensions linear measurements for implants, and PAs have the highest precision. Additionally, SIDEXIS software provided accurate results and can be considered a reliable method for implants’ assessment. Â

Galerucella placida Baly is a small leaf beetle belonging to the family Chrysomelidae. which feeds on aquatic weed Polygonum hydropiper Linn. The insect was reported from various regions of India during 1910-1936. Investigation on some biological parameters of G. placida and feeding of the P. hydropiper by G. placida was conducted in laboratory. The results indicated the fecundity of G. placida was 710-1210 eggs per female. Eggs were markedly bright yellow, pyriform basally rounded and oval at tip. It measured 0.67 mm in length and 0.46 mm in width. Average incubation period was 3.80 days. Larvae of G. placida underwent three moults. The first instar larva was yellow in colour and measured 1.26 mm in length and 0.40 mm in width. The second instar was yellowish in colour but after an hour of feeding, the colour of the grub changes to blackish brown from yellow. It measured 2.64 mm in length and 0.77 mm in width. The third instar measured 5.59 mm in length and 1.96 mm in width. The average total larval duration of G. placida was 13.30 days. The fully developed pupa looked black in colour and measured 4.58 mm in length and 2.37 mm in width. Adult 4.50 days. The adult female was bigger than male. The adult male measured 5.60 mm in length and 2.35 mm in width and adult female measured 6.25 mm in length and 2.50 mm in width. Longevity of adult male was 35.40 days and while female was 40.40 days. Total life cycle duration of G. placida was completed in 21.60 days from egg to adult emergence. The damage was caused by both adult as well as grubs. At high population densities of adults and grubs, complete defoliation was seen. The average leaf area scrapped by larva and adult was 511.61 sq. cm and 866.35 sq. cm respectively.

<em>Galerucella placida</em> Baly is a small leaf beetle belonging to the family Chrysomelidae. which feeds on aquatic weed <em>Polygonum hydropiper</em> Linn. The insect was reported from various regions of India during 1910-1936. Investigation on some biological parameters of <em>G. placida</em> and feeding of the <em>P. hydropiper</em> by <em>G. placida</em> was conducted in laboratory. The results indicated the fecundity of <em>G. placida</em> was 710-1210 eggs per female. Eggs were markedly bright yellow, pyriform basally rounded and oval at tip. It measured 0.67 mm in length and 0.46 mm in width. Average incubation period was 3.80 days. Larvae of <em>G. placida</em> underwent three moults. The first instar larva was yellow in colour and measured 1.26 mm in length and 0.40 mm in width. The second instar was yellowish in colour but after an hour of feeding, the colour of the grub changes to blackish brown from yellow. It measured 2.64 mm in length and 0.77 mm in width. The third instar measured 5.59 mm in length and 1.96 mm in width. The average total larval duration of <em>G. placida</em> was 13.30 days. The fully developed pupa looked black in colour and measured 4.58 mm in length and 2.37 mm in width. Adult 4.50 days. The adult female was bigger than male. The adult male measured 5.60 mm in length and 2.35 mm in width and adult female measured 6.25 mm in length and 2.50 mm in width. Longevity of adult male was 35.40 days and while female was 40.40 days. Total life cycle duration of <em>G. placida</em> was completed in 21.60 days from egg to adult emergence. The damage was caused by both adult as well as grubs. At high population densities of adults and grubs, complete defoliation was seen. The average leaf area scrapped by larva and adult was 511.61 sq. cm and 866.35 sq. cm respectively.

Biology of rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera (Olivier) was carried out under laboratory conditions at room temperature varying between 32.98 to 23.67°C, with a relative humidity 92.86 to 84.61 per cent. The adult beetle was shiny bluish black having short spines all over the body with fecundity of 81.2± 8.83 eggs per female. Incubation period was 5.03± 0.02 days with hatching 73.98± 1.94 per cent. There were four larval instars and total larval period was 13.05± 0.23 days (11–14 days) with 85.00 per cent survival. The average pupal period was 7.05± 0.21 days. The adult male was short lived 25.10± 3.02 days as compared to female 34.70± 1.81 days. The egg was 1.00± 0.005 mm in length and 0.45± 0.006 mm in width. The larva increased in body size with age as 1.43± 0.512.62± 0.007 mm in body length, 0.31± 0.008–0.50± 0.005 mm in body width and 0.06± 0.0030.09± 0.002 mm in length of cerci of first and fourth instar larva, respectively. The overall sex ratio of male to female was 1:1.26.