Abstract
Nasal polyps (NPs) are a multifactorial disorder associated with a chronic inflammatory state of the nasal mucosa. Fucoxanthin (Fx) is a characteristic orange carotenoid obtained from brown algae and has diverse immunological properties. The present study investigated whether Fx inhibits fibrosis-related effects in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (NPDFs) and elucidated the molecular signaling pathways involved. The production of collagen type I (Col-1) was investigated in NP tissue via immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. NPDFs were treated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 (1 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of Fx (5–30 µM). The levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Col-1, and phosphorylated (p)-Smad 2/3, signal protein-1 (SP-1), MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases), and Akt were measured by western blot analysis. The expression of Col-1 was detected in NP tissues. TGF-β1 stimulated the production of α-SMA and Col-1, and stimulated the contraction of collagen gel. However, pretreatment with Fx attenuated these effects. Furthermore, these inhibitory effects were mediated through modulation of both Smad 2/3 and Akt/SP-1 signaling pathways in TGF-β1-induced NPDFs. The results from the present study suggest that Fx may be a novel anti-fibrotic agent for the treatment of NP formation.
Highlights
The nose is the first point of contact of environmental microbes, pollutants, and allergens before reaching the respiratory system; it is not surprising that inflammation in the upper airway is a common disorder
Differentiation fibroblasts into myofibroblasts which participate in theresponse inflammatory response to injury [10]. of Differentiation of myofibroblasts defines a physiological process that facilitates the formation of Myofibroblasts fibroblasts into myofibroblasts defines a physiological process that facilitates the formation of Nasal polyps (NPs) are identified their expression ofby α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA).muscle
It is believed that fibroblast effector functions and phenotypic changes play an important role in the remodeling process
Summary
The nose is the first point of contact of environmental microbes, pollutants, and allergens before reaching the respiratory system; it is not surprising that inflammation in the upper airway is a common disorder. Fibroblasts are areaacommon commoncell cell type connective tissues are found in every the They produce and respond to various inflammatory cytokines [8]. They are the central of ECM accumulation, and cell differentiation and proliferation that occur in response prolonged mediators of ECM accumulation, and cell differentiation and proliferation that occur intoresponse to tissue damage [9]. Differentiation fibroblasts into myofibroblasts which participate in theresponse inflammatory response to injury [10]. Of Differentiation of myofibroblasts defines a physiological process that facilitates the formation of NPs [11]. Myofibroblasts fibroblasts into myofibroblasts defines a physiological process that facilitates the formation of NPs are identified their expression ofby α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA).muscle.
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