Abstract
The modern Western society lifestyle is characterized by a hyperenergetic, high sugar containing food intake. Sugar intake increased dramatically during the last few decades, due to the excessive consumption of high-sugar drinks and high-fructose corn syrup. Current evidence suggests that high fructose intake when combined with overeating and adiposity promotes adverse metabolic health effects including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, type II diabetes, and inflammation. Similarly, elevated glucocorticoid levels, especially the enhanced generation of active glucocorticoids in the adipose tissue due to increased 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) activity, have been associated with metabolic diseases. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that fructose stimulates the 11β-HSD1-mediated glucocorticoid activation by enhancing the availability of its cofactor NADPH. In adipocytes, fructose was found to stimulate 11β-HSD1 expression and activity, thereby promoting the adipogenic effects of glucocorticoids. This article aims to highlight the interconnections between overwhelmed fructose metabolism, intracellular glucocorticoid activation in adipose tissue, and their metabolic effects on the progression of the metabolic syndrome.
Highlights
Our ancestors obtained their food from hunting and gathering, but the transition to modernWestern society lifestyle with its tremendous technological advances in food processing led to extensive changes in food intake and composition
Recent observations indicated that fructose increases the expression of its transporter GLUT5 in the adipocyte plasma membrane and of 11β-HSD1 [35], thereby further enhancing the capability to generate active glucocorticoids in adipose tissue [25]
Of the total energy requirements for 10 weeks [45]. Both sweetener beverages exhibited similar weight gain, the results showed that consumption of fructose-sweetened but not glucose-sweetened beverages increased de novo lipogenesis, promoting lipid deposition in visceral adipose tissue (VAT), stimulating dyslipidemia, altering lipoprotein remodeling and decreasing insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese adults [45]
Summary
Our ancestors obtained their food from hunting and gathering, but the transition to modern. The Western-style diet, called the meat-sweet diet is characterized by high intakes of processed foods rich in saturated fat, trans-fatty acids, proteins from red meat, and sodium, as well as an excessive consumption of sugar [1]. In line with this transition, obesity has emerged as a major global health problem in the last few decades [2]. Recent observations indicated that fructose increases the expression of its transporter GLUT5 in the adipocyte plasma membrane and of 11β-HSD1 [35], thereby further enhancing the capability to generate active glucocorticoids in adipose tissue [25].
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