Abstract
LONG periods of extremely cold weather, in the absence of snow, can deal out more misery to the water superintendent than all other troubles combined. No other single subject has caused so much discussion among water works men, especially after a cold, open winter. These questions continually arise: How deep should water mains be buried? and How much trouble has frost caused? No person can give advice on the depth to which water mains should be buried to prevent freezing unless he is provided with detailed information. From December 1936 to March 1937, the author observed the rate of frost penetration in different soils. These tests revealed so little new in-
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