Abstract
Supercapacitor (SC) is an energy storage technology that bridges the gap between conventional capacitors and rechargeable batteries. Emerging nano-architectured carbon–metal oxide composites are promising for electrode designs for supercapacitors due to their unique strategy utilizing electrochemical double-layer capacitance (EDLC) and pseudo-capacitance together in single cell to optimize the energy storage ability and electrochemical stability. In recent years, technologies of integrating different metal oxide into single-walled/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and carbon nanofiber (CNF) and/or carbon fiber paper (CFP) have been reported with the focus of the nano-architecture electrodes. This paper provides a review of the frontiers with respect to incorporation of metal oxides into the carbon nanomaterials for capacitive energy storage improvements. Several key performance parameters in terms of specific capacitance, energy density, power density and cyclic stability along with the challenges and design trends are discussed and summarized.
Highlights
Since the fossil fuel depletion has been identified as a future challenge, the needs of efficient, renewable, sustainable energy sources are very urgent in the long term [1,2,3]
Supercapacitors, called electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLC), are promising energy storage devices which provide higher energy density than conventional capacitors and higher power density than batteries, they have drawn a lot of attention due to their unique characteristics, such as high power density, fast charging/discharging rate and large cycling stability [4,5,6]
Different carbon nanomaterials (CNM) utilized for metal oxide supercapacitors are classified according to different carbon structure types, and the electrochemical energy storage performances are presented with a summary table of recently reported results
Summary
Since the fossil fuel depletion has been identified as a future challenge, the needs of efficient, renewable, sustainable energy sources are very urgent in the long term [1,2,3]. In order to further improve the energy density and overall performance of CNM supercapacitors, a new type of the generation supercapacitors is emerging by utilizing unique strategies to control the nano-architecture of the dielectric metal-oxide (MO) at the surface of porous, conductive CNM scaffold. Different CNM utilized for metal oxide supercapacitors are classified according to different carbon structure types, and the electrochemical energy storage performances are presented with a summary table of recently reported results.
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