Abstract
Pomace seed extract loaded vesicles were prepared as promising technological and green solution to exploit agri-food wastes and by-products, and develop high value-added products for human health. An antioxidant extract rich in bioactive compounds (epicatechins, catechin, gallic acid, quercetin and procynidins) was obtained from the seeds isolated from the pomace of Cannonau red grape cultivar. The extract was incorporated into phospholipid vesicles ad hoc formulated for intestinal delivery, by combining them, for the first time, whit a maltodextrin (Glucidex). Glucidex-transfersomes, glucidex-hyalurosomes and glucidex-hyalutransferomes were prepared, characterized and tested. Glucidex-liposomes were used as reference. All vesicles were small in size (~ 150 nm), homogeneously dispersed and negatively charged. Glucidex-transfersomes and especially glucidex-hyalutransfersomes disclosed an unexpected resistance to acidic pH and high ionic strength, as they maintained their physico-chemical properties (size and size distribution) after dilution at pH 1.2 simulating the harsh gastric conditions. Vesicles were highly biocompatible and able to counteract the oxidative damages induced in Caco-2 cells by using hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, they promoted the formation of Lactobacillus reuteri biofilm acting as prebiotic formulation. Overall results suggest the potential of glucidex-hyalutransfersomes as food supplements for the treatment of intestinal disorders.
Highlights
Pomace seed extract loaded vesicles were prepared as promising technological and green solution to exploit agri-food wastes and by-products, and develop high value-added products for human health
The incorrect life style and the intake of external unhealthy nutrients cause a significant increase of long-term semi-pathological conditions such as oxidative stress, inflammation and dysbiosis, especially at intestinal level, which are the major cause of age-related chronic diseases and cancer[4]
In the last years the inappropriate heating habits combined with stress, physical inactivity and lack of sleep led to a significant increase of long-term semi-pathological c onditions[4]
Summary
Pomace seed extract loaded vesicles were prepared as promising technological and green solution to exploit agri-food wastes and by-products, and develop high value-added products for human health. Several studies have been performed to evaluate the potential strategies aimed at converting food wastes and by-products into value-added products, especially food nutrients or supplements[2,3] This sector has gained great interest in recent years due to the increasing attention to human health in response to the incorrect modus vivendi of modern people, which is characterized by stress, lack of sleep, intake of junk food, alcohol, smoke and drugs. Oxidative stress is due to an overproduced highly unstable and reactive chemical species, such as Reacting Oxygen Species (ROS) including radical forms (superoxide, O 2−) and non-radical peroxide forms ( H2O2) The production of these species is a physiological event, which occurs normally in the biochemical reactions of intestinal cells. Long-term daily intake of natural antioxidants, in particular polyphenolic compounds, can prevent the onset of damages associated with oxidative stress, contributing to the maintenance of the human health and preserving the gut homeostasis[17,18]. Except gallic acid, are low water soluble with low stability in biological fluids and as a consequence low bioavailable at the target sites, especially when orally administered[31,32]
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