Abstract
This chapter delves into the European historical background in depth, while highlighting the relevant parallels to the Middle East. It addresses the causes of the outbreak of the Thirty Years War and the origins of the war’s incremental escalation. It will outline the interventions by Denmark and Sweden (1625 and 1630) into the war, as well as the French intervention against Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor in 1635, after which the war became irreversibly internationalised
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