From rational to behavioral: An epistemological bridge between Markowitz, Fama, and Shiller

Theoretical and conceptual frameworks are essential components of the research process, although they are often misinterpreted by doctorate candidates during the development of their dissertation study. The purpose of this paper is to emphasise the critical role that theoretical and conceptual frameworks play in enhancing the rigour and clarity of research. This is an argumentative paper that uses information as evidence to back up its claims. The authors used this methodological framework to espouse the need that doctoral research should have a valid theoretical framework to justify the importance and significance of the work in order to contribute to knowledge in their field of study. The study clarifies two sometimes misinterpreted terms: conceptual and theoretical frameworks. According to the authors, the decision to use a theoretical or conceptual framework is influenced by the research goals, study characteristics, and available literature. Conceptual frameworks are typically used in qualitative and mixed methods research, although theoretical frameworks are used more frequently in quantitative and mixed methods research. Mastery of conceptual and theoretical knowledge in construction management research allows researchers to develop clear, well-structured enquiries, improve methodological rigour, and successfully integrate theory to practice, resulting in innovative ideas in the field. The paper discusses the importance of including a theoretical and/or conceptual framework in a doctoral thesis focussing on construction management research. It states that these frameworks are critical for defining the student's research direction. The study emphasises that understanding 'concept' and 'theory' allows for the successful use of conceptual and theoretical frameworks to provide direction and coherence throughout the research proce

This article examines political clientelism as a criminogenic phenomenon fostering corruption and organized crime in the Republic of Moldova. It explores the mechanisms through which patron- client networks become instruments of state capture and tools for preserving oligarchic interests, even amid democratization and European integration processes. The analysis identifies the historical, institutional, and socio-political factors that sustain clientelism and assesses its impact on the functioning of public institutions and citizens' trust in the rule of law. Using an interdisciplinary methodology - including structuralfunctional and comparative analysis - the study highlights the connection between clientelist practices, systemic corruption, and the infiltration of organized crime into the political sphere. The findings offer policy directions for strengthening anti-corruption mechanisms and emphasize the need for an integrated national and European approach to counteract the criminal consequences of political clientelism.

This Deep learning models have achieved remarkable success across various fields. However, their 'black box' nature has become a fundamental issue. Explainability aims to bridge this gap by providing insights into the decision - making processes of models. This paper delves into the theoretical foundations of explainability in deep learning, focusing on mathematical and conceptual aspects.We examine the limitations of current explainability approaches and discuss how interdisciplinary methodologies can enhance our understanding of deep learning systems. Moreover, we explore the potential of integrating explainability with robustness, fairness, and generalization to create more reliable AI systems.The paper also highlights several challenges, such as the trade - off between interpretability and predictive power, the scalability of explainability methods, and the lack of standard evaluation metrics. Furthermore, we propose novel research directions, including topological analysis, causal reasoning, and probabilistic explainability models.Particular attention is given to the role of human cognition, decision - theoretic frameworks, and the use of explainability as a tool to improve the reliability of deep learning models in high - stakes scenarios. We also investigate how explainability techniques can enhance the deployment and optimization of deep learning models in real - world environments, ensuring their ethical and practical applications.This work aims to provide a comprehensive framework for improving the transparency, interpretability, and accountability of AI - driven decision - making systems.

This study presents a systematic review of reviews published in Frontiers in Psychology (2010-2024) to examine methodological and conceptual advances in educational psychology. The objective is to synthesize research trends over 14 years and explore global challenges, such as the digitalization of education and the integration of emerging technologies. Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted in Frontiers in Psychology, Web of Science, and Scopus, identifying 392 reviews. The selection process involved duplicate removal, title and abstract screening, and full-text evaluation, applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure methodological rigor. Data extraction and classification were carried out using an Excel-based structured database, analyzing publication years, methodological design, data sources, statistical and qualitative analysis methods, validation approaches, theoretical frameworks, thematic areas, geographical distribution, study limitations, reported results, practical applications and study populations. The methodological analysis highlights the predominance of systematic reviews, the increasing adoption of qualitative and mixed-method approaches, and a growing emphasis on digital tools and artificial intelligence. The study also reveals significant regional disparities in research output, with some regions being notably underrepresented. Beyond identifying trends, this review of reviews illustrates how psychology adapts to contemporary educational challenges through interdisciplinary methodologies and evidence-based strategies. The findings provide valuable insights into the evolving challenges in educational psychology, reinforcing the role of Frontiers in Psychology in driving methodological innovation and scholarly discourse. Furthermore, they contribute to the advancement of inclusive and sustainable educational practices aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Future research should focus on meta-analyses of emerging trends, longitudinal methodological studies, and strategies to address regional imbalances, fostering a more globally representative perspective.

Purpose: This article demonstrates how collaboration in a PAR and R&D research project can be facilitated by a design-led innovation process that juxtaposes design and scientific approaches.
 
 Theoretical Framework: The work was theoretically grounded in an interdisciplinary methodology and customer-centric approaches. Researchers adopted a "principles-driven" strategy as a primary guiding principle.
 
 Design/Method/Approach: This study utilized participatory action research (PAR) as a research methodology, emphasizing the importance of collaborations between stakeholders and the research team. The study methodology encompassed on-site visits, SWOT analysis, focus groups, and questionnaire surveys. The data obtained from all of the previously described instruments was subjected to qualitative analysis using triangulation.
 
 Findings: The study demonstrated that this approach significantly enhanced the innovation of new products and the establishment of brands by local businesses. The remaining fabric key rings of the stakeholders had an impact on the most recent clothing collection. The development of new products involved the integration of identity, traditional knowledge, and creativity with modern technology, utilizing local resources from the community for innovative transformation and business product development. By adhering to experts' recommendations, stakeholders can enhance the value of their products by demonstrating a preference for environmentally conscious, culturally significant, and artistically innovative products to the target market. The introduction of the new clothing product range received positive feedback from business owners and entrepreneurs, with an average rating of 4.71. Additionally, the annual sales value increased by 36.3%. PAR R&D facilitated the improvement of stakeholders.
 
 Research, Practical, and Social Implications: Creating eco-friendly apparel from fabric scraps will contribute to sustainability. Obtaining this level of sustainability requires collaboration across disciplines and design-driven innovation. In addition, this study demonstrates how a dynamic interdisciplinary innovation strategy can be effective for generating new product concepts, obtaining consumer feedback, and fostering collaboration and learning across disciplines. Lastly, this study provides other researchers and the local industry with actionable opportunity areas and design imperatives for their sustainability-based product innovation activities.
 
 Originality/Value: This study is the first to apply theoretical concepts to practical situations in a specific rural area to assist local community entrepreneurs lacking resources for research and development in improving their performance and outcomes, with a focus on creating product concepts that reflect the local cultural identity and incorporate innovative design principles.

Given the complexity of measuring the fair value of agricultural biological assets, which generally do not have an active market and are dependent on climatic, environmental and biological factors, there is a need for an interdisciplinary view that considers inputs other than economic and accounting. In this sense, the present theoretical essay aims to propose an interdisciplinary methodology to measure the fair value of agricultural biological assets considering also the agronomic factors. As a method, a bibliographic research of an exploratory-descriptive nature was adopted. To support the interdisciplinary methodological proposal, a theoretical framework was developed using the disciplinary lenses of accounting, economics and agronomy, with a focus on agrometeorological modeling. In addition to the methodological proposition, an application was made in the sugarcane sector to demonstrate the behavior and range of the variables. The main contribution of this study is the proposition of an innovative measurement methodology, which considers the agronomic aspects in accounting measurement, which can result in an improvement in the quality of the information, mainly as regards reliability. JEL Code: O32, Q16, C18.

The intersection of science and art has long been a space for creative experimentation and knowledge exchange. This paper examines the evolving relationship between these disciplines, highlighting historical collaborations, theoretical frameworks, and interdisciplinary methodologies that foster innovation. Through an analysis of case studies, we examine how artists and scientists work together to produce new insights, bridging gaps between specialized knowledge domains. The study also discusses the challenges of interdisciplinary collaboration, including institutional barriers, epistemic differences, and funding limitations. Ultimately, this paper argues that the fusion of scientific inquiry and artistic creativity not only enhances research outcomes but also enriches public engagement with complex ideas, fostering a more holistic approach to problem-solving in the 21st century. Keywords: Interdisciplinary collaboration, art-science integration, creative methodologies, scientific visualization, knowledge exchange, artistic interpretation.

The purpose of the article is to investigate the constructive solutions of windows, window frames, production and use of glass (including stained glass) in temple buildings of the Middle and Late Byzantine periods on the basis of preserved, described in sources and found ar- tifacts. Th e research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, comparative analysis, induction and deduction. An interdisciplinary methodology is used – approaches of global history, which are based on data, fi rst of all, obtained from archaeological, geographical and chemical research, as well as a comparative method and a method of analysis. The scientifi c novelty is due to the need for a thorough study of all aspects of the temple architecture of Byzantium, since today there is a great need for the restoration/reconstruction of the monuments of Roman civilization, both from the point of view of the development of tourism in the region, and for the preservation of material cultural heritage for posterity. Conclusions. The development of window glass production technology actively infl uenced its shape, size and quality. Accordingly, the direction and degree of natural lighting in the Byzantine temple depended on this. Th e shape of the windows (as well as their size) diff ered by location in diff erent parts of a particular temple (gallery walls, dome drums, apses, stair towers, etc.). The traditional types of Byzantine windows, which were found in both temple and palace architecture, are arched, round and semi-round (as well as single, double and triple). Based on the preserved window openings, it can be understood that the glass was made of a small size. For the production of window glass, workshops-ergasterias were used, where glassware was made. Th e main raw material for glass making is silica, i.e. sand, and additional impurities are potash or sodium soda. They could also add lime, ground shells and oxides of various metals to colour the glass. In the Middle and Late Byzantine period, window glass is a very rare fi nd. Th e most common form of window glass was rounded oculi, or “crown glass.” Th e typical design of a Byzantine window consisted of a lattice frame “transene” (plaster, marble, wood or lead) and inserted into it 2 or 3 rows of paired small, round, fl at glasses of the oculi type. Both ordinary col- oured and stained glass were used in Byzantine architecture.

In the proposed study, contemporary integration processes in Central Asia are analyzed. The author examines the historical prerequisites for the formation of regional identity and highlights the key internal and external factors influencing cooperation among the countries of the region. Special attention is paid to the role of global players—Russia, the United States, and China—who strive to strengthen their presence and utilize the economic and geopolitical potential of Central Asia for their own interests. The paper underscores the relevance of initiatives such as the “Belt and Road,” the Eurasian Economic Union, and the U.S. “New Silk Road,” pointing to the need for a balanced approach in selecting future directions for integration.In conducting this study, a comparative analysis, examination of international organizations’ documents, and an interdisciplinary methodology are employed to account for the socio-cultural, political, and economic aspects of the process. As a result, the author identifies barriers related to differences in language, values, and politics, highlighting the importance of effective intercultural dialogue.In conclusion, it is argued that the countries of Central Asia must develop a joint strategy grounded in a shared historical-cultural foundation and reflecting the interests of all participants in order to achieve sustainable integration. The study demonstrates that harmonizing regional relations and strengthening multilateral ties contribute to the region’s stability and competitiveness on the global stage. Thus, the proposed model of collaboration, rooted in common cultural-historical legacies and alignment of interests with key external partners, lays the foundation for forming a unified economic and political space in the region.

This article explores the formation of the Ukraine-Poland digital partnership as a strategic instrument for deepening democratic governance in the context of accelerated digital transformation. The study aims to conceptualize the phenomenon of digital democracy through a comparative analysis of Ukraine’s and Poland’s digital strategies, taking into account their institutional characteristics, political contexts, and respective levels of integration into the European digital space. The research is grounded in an interdisciplinary methodology that combines comparative political analysis, case studies, and elements of normative political theory. Its academic novelty lies in the interpretation of Ukraine–Poland digital cooperation not merely as a technical or administrative process but as a potential “alliance of democracies” that contributes to institutional consolidation, enhanced transparency, and expanded civic engagement. The findings reveal that Poland acts as a provider of a stable, EU-aligned normative-institutional model of digital governance (e.g., ePUAP, Profil Zaufany, open government), while Ukraine demonstrates a high degree of digital innovation and crisis resilience (e.g., the Diia ecosystem, digital documents, public e-services). Common challenges include the digital divide, cybersecurity threats, institutional distrust, and the absence of systemic bilateral coordination. The practical relevance of the study lies in offering policy recommendations to deepen digital cooperation, institutionalize strategic formats of collaboration, and align legal and technical frameworks with European standards. It concludes that the Ukraine-Poland digital partnership has the potential to evolve into a model regional digital alliance of democracies in Eastern Europe, capable of strengthening institutional resilience, supporting Ukraine’s European integration, and countering hybrid threats in the age of algorithmic governance.

This study focuses on the artistic strategies of representing historical past in two Afrofuturist novels: «Kindred» by Octavia Butler and «War Girls» by Tochi Onyebuchi. The author examines how these texts, rooted in distinct geographical and cultural contexts—African American and Nigerian—conceptualize the past as a constituent of collective memory, historical trauma, and cultural identity. Special attention is paid to the integration of the past into the structure of speculative fiction, its narrative functions, and its role in shaping future imaginaries. The comparison of the two novels reveals both shared tendencies within Afrofuturist writing and region-specific approaches to historical material and postcolonial or discriminatory experiences. The research employs comparative literary analysis, narratological tools, and the methodology of Postcolonial Studies. An anthropological perspective is applied to account for localized practices of collective memory, cultural coding, and divergences in historical narratives in Nigeria and the United States. The theoretical framework is informed by contemporary Afrofuturist scholarship. The past is interpreted as a narrative-generative element within the texts. This article presents the first comparative analysis in Russian literary studies of past representation in Afrofuturist fiction from Nigeria and the United States. It identifies a key distinction: in the U.S. Afrofuturist tradition, the past is portrayed as trauma requiring emotional reconstruction, whereas in the Nigerian tradition, it emerges as a cyclical history necessitating caution and reinterpretation. The study delineates divergent narrative strategies—from direct temporal immersion in the history of slavery (U.S.) to allusive transpositions of civil war into a futuristic setting (Nigeria). It demonstrates that speculative fiction operates in both contexts as a tool for cultural and political reflection. The findings contribute to refining the conceptual apparatus of Afrofuturist criticism and open new directions for Afrofuturist research within Russian humanities.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate vertical care models for older adults in high-density urban environments through a comparative case analysis of U City , Kampung Admiralty , and The Clare . The objective was to establish a robust foundation for designing vertically integrated housing for older adults to accommodate the growing ageing population in densely populated cities. Methods: An interdisciplinary approach integrating literature analysis, conceptual modeling, and comparative case studies was adopted. Building on cross-disciplinary interpretations of the micro social unit, a theoretical framework was developed to examine vertically integrated housing for older adults in high-density urban environments. This framework comprises three analytical dimensions: social openness, which emphasizes social connectivity and urban permeability; temporal adaptability, which ensures responsive services aligned with the evolving needs of aging individuals; and functional integration, which examines internal coordination and synergistic interactions within multi-functional spatial systems. Representative cases were selected via theoretical sampling to ensure contextual diversity and data reliability. Each project was evaluated using three indicators—social openness, diversity of care types, and degree of functional integration—to assess the capacity of vertical housing complexes to integrate living, care, and social participation within a unified urban framework. This multi-layered methodological approach enabled both analytical depth and cross-contextual comparison, thereby revealing the adaptive potential of the micro social unit paradigm. Results: A comparative analysis has been conducted on three different housing models for older adults, all of which are vertically integrated. This analysis illustrates several core design principles. Functional integration in the vertical dimension is achieved through the stratified organization of diverse living arrangements, enabling residential, medical, educational, and commercial functions to coexist and interact within a shared physical structure, thereby forming an integrated whole. Public interface design emphasizes cross-generational and cross-group interaction through open ground floors, semi-open walkways, and shared rooftop spaces. The vertical housing model represents not only an innovation in spatial configuration but also a strategy for social integration, reconfiguring older adults’ sense of belonging in high-density urban environments through deliberate spatial organization and transforming architecture into a multidimensional medium for social diversity and humanistic care. Finally, the integration of diverse care models for older adults within a single building ensures adaptability to the evolving needs of aging populations. Conclusions: This study highlights the ageing population and the effective design of vertically integrated building types, particularly in high-density cities. The findings demonstrate that the micro social unit framework offers an effective strategy for addressing the challenges of the ageing population within high-density urban contexts. Based on this framework, vertically integrated elderly housing can redefine ageing as a spatial condition of connection, functioning as an active platform for continuous personal growth, social reintegration, and urban renewal.

This article reflects on the challenges of comparative oral history analysis by taking the BA/Leverhulme-funded project Mapping European Cinema: a comparative project on cinema-going experiences in the 1950s (2016-2017) as a case study. The aim of MEC was to test new methodologies in order to explore and compare programming patterns and cinema-going experiences in European cities that were similar in terms of population and film exhibition structure but substantially different in terms of film culture. MEC focused on three case studies: Bari (Italy), Leicester (United Kingdom) and Ghent (Belgium). This article uses three video interviews to reflect on the theoretical framework around comparative analysis and to discuss issues of cultural specificity. Attempts at substantial comparative analysis have proved to be a challenging task because of the difficulty of analysing different film cultures cross-nationally, the complexity of standardising data, and the lack of analytical frames that could be used to explain patterns and differences revealed during the analysis. Building on the work of cultural historians studying the reciprocal traffic of culture across borders, the article adopts a theoretical framework that addresses the complexity of working with memory across national borders and linguistic barriers and emphasizes contextualization as a defining component in cross-national comparative studies. The article argues that the national specific knowledge of individual researchers enabled the authors not to overlook local perspectives while at the same time generalising across the three national cultural contexts, identifying new perspectives, and finding a common ground that could be commensurable to ensure a systematic comparative process.

Objectives: The purpose of this research is the comparative analysis of two Vlad Dracula from semiotic approach. First, the Vlad the Impaler who was a historical character and second, Count Dracula who created in a possible world and have a mythological character. Value/Originality: The author tries to find out which features from historical Vlad interfered for creation the myth of Vlad by comparing these two characters. Also, what are the similarities of these two by comparative semiotic analysis. Method: this research focuses on the qualitative method based on the comparative analysis for historical Dracula and Mythical Dracula. Theoretical Framework: this article investigates on the semiotic approach based on the comparison analysis of two Dracula. Result and Discussion: There are of course some similarities between the two Dracula and those similarities can be summarized in their name, physical appearance, accent, attachment to their homes, interested in blood.

Background. The motif of recognition, identified by Aristotle in his "Poetics" as a key element of tragedy, plays a significant role in ancient Greek literature, particularly in Homer's epic poems and the tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Its importance extends to modern works, making the study of this motif relevant to understanding literary evolution. Methods. The study employs methods of comparative, semantic, and contextual analysis. Comparative analysis is used to juxtapose scenes in Homer and the tragedians, semantic analysis to interpret the symbolism and narrative role of recognition, and contextual analysis to determine the meanings of specific words and passages. Results. The article explores the motif of recognition (ἀναγνώρισις) in ancient Greek literature, focusing on Homer's works and the scenes of Electra's reunion with Orestes in the tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The theoretical framework is based on Aristotle's "Poetics", where anagnorisis is considered to be a key component of a complex plot. Aristotle distinguishes two types of recognition: one accompanied by peripeteia and another without it. The study proposes an additional classification: external (recognition of one person by another) and internal (realization of facts about oneself). In the "Iliad", the motif of recognition is primarily associated with the epiphany of gods to mortals, where the process of recognition may be explicit or concealed but rarely impacts the plot. In contrast, in the "Odyssey", this motif becomes central to the development of events, such as in the scenes of Odysseus' recognition. Particular attention is given to the scenes of Electra's reunion with Orestes, which illustrate the evolution of the motif: from symbolic but irrational proofs in Aeschylus (a lock of hair, a footprint) to more realistic ones in Sophocles (a signet ring) and a critical reinterpretation in Euripides (a scar). The findings highlight the multifaceted nature of the motif, its transition from a decorative element to a plot-driving tool, and its relevance in modern literature. The article demonstrates how ancient traditions remain productive for analyzing literary works across different eras. Conclusions. The motif of recognition evolves non-linearly from an epic formula to a central narrative mechanism, retaining its universality in modern literature. The study underscores the significance of anagnorisis for ancient poetics and its adaptation in contemporary contexts.