Abstract
Low vehicle occupancy rates combined with record conventional vehicle sales justify the requirement to optimize vehicle type based on passengers and a powertrain with zero-emissions. This study compares the performance of different vehicle types based on the number of passengers/payloads, powertrain configuration (battery and fuel cell electric configurations), and drive cycles, to assess range and energy consumption. An adequate choice of vehicle segment according to the real passenger occupancy enables the least energy consumption. Vehicle performance in terms of range points to remarkable results for the FCEV (fuel cell electric vehicle) compared to BEV (battery electric vehicle), where the former reached an average range of 600 km or more in all different drive cycles, while the latter was only cruising nearly 350 km. Decisively, the cost analysis indicated that FCEV remains the most expensive option with base cost three-fold that of BEV. The FCEV showed notable results with an average operating cost of less than 7 cents/km, where BEV cost more than 10 €/km in addition to the base cost for light-duty vehicles. The cost analysis for a bus and semi-truck showed that with a full payload, FCPT (fuel cell powertrain) would be more economical with an average energy cost of ~1.2 €/km, while with BPT the energy cost is more than 300 €/km.
Highlights
Energy has always been considered the backbone of any economy around the world.Industrialization and modernization enhanced the rapid growth of the economy, along with the overuse of fossil energy resources, resulting in global warming, air, water, and noise pollution
The transportation sector has struggled to find alternatives that mitigate its externalities leading to an increasing number of vehicles worldwide [1,2]. This accelerated the need to revolutionize the transportation system with more efficient powertrains and energy systems. This path led to the development of emerging technologies in the transportation system, such as battery electric vehicles (BEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), substituting internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV)
The analysis is performed in two stages: the first stage includes the analysis of light-duty vehicles for distinct driving profiles and payloads and during the second stage the heavy-duty vehicle analysis is performed for both BEV and FCEV configurations
Summary
Energy has always been considered the backbone of any economy around the world.Industrialization and modernization enhanced the rapid growth of the economy, along with the overuse of fossil energy resources, resulting in global warming, air, water, and noise pollution. Energy has always been considered the backbone of any economy around the world. The transportation sector has struggled to find alternatives that mitigate its externalities leading to an increasing number of vehicles worldwide [1,2]. This accelerated the need to revolutionize the transportation system with more efficient powertrains and energy systems. This path led to the development of emerging technologies in the transportation system, such as battery electric vehicles (BEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), substituting internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV).
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