From “Disgraceful Carelessness” to “Intelligent Precaution”: Accidents and the Public Child in English Canada, 1900-1950

Societal concerns about the welfare of animals kept in intensive husbandry systems led to the introduction of alternative poultry husbandry systems. Systems offering outdoor access to chickens, are potentially better for chicken welfare, but keeping chickens in these systems is also associated with higher public health and food safety risks for certain hazards, such as Campylobacter contamination of broiler meat, avian influenza introduction, and increased dioxin levels in eggs. Insight into the views of key stakeholder groups – citizens, poultry farmers and poultry veterinarians – concerning poultry husbandry systems may help to develop systems that can count on societal support. The objective of this thesis was to study stakeholders’ views on the conflict between chicken welfare and public health and food safety risks and relevant moral arguments and convictions. The first part of this thesis is based on an online questionnaire, which was filled out by representatives of citizens (n = 2259), poultry farmers (n = 100) and poultry veterinarians (n = 41). The results show that most citizens perceived a system that offers to laying hens outdoor access as the preferred system, while the majority of poultry farmers and poultry veterinarians perceived an indoor system as the preferred husbandry system for keeping hens. Compared to poultry farmers and poultry veterinarians, citizens perceived the issues ‘natural needs of hens’ and ‘environmentally friendly’ as more important, and the issues ‘hen health’, ‘farmer income’ and ‘hens lay many eggs’ as less important.Citizens perceived hen welfare in organic husbandry systems as being the highest of the four husbandry systems, while farmers and veterinarians perceived hen welfare in indoor non-cage systems as the highest. Differences between the welfare scores could be explained by different perceptions of hen welfare aspects, knowledge regarding hen behaviour and socio-demographic characteristics. With regard to risk perceptions was shown that professionals perceive the public health risks of Campylobacter, avian influenza and dioxin related to keeping chickens in outdoor systems higher than citizens did. In contrast, citizens perceive these risks in indoor systems higher than professionals. Citizens reported higher concerns regarding various factors of risk perception than the two professional groups did. It was suggested that risk perceptions of all stakeholder groups are influenced by intuitive feelings – affect – and underlying values.When confronted with a practical case representing the dilemma of improving chicken welfare or reducing public health risks, citizens judged the dilemma predominantly in favour of chicken welfare, in terms of leading natural lives. In contrast, poultry farmers judged the dilemma predominantly in favour of public health. Different valuations of moral arguments and convictions, predominantly those regarding the value of chickens and naturalness, could explain the various judgments. It was also argued that the stakeholders’ judgments depend on their context, i.e. whether or not they are involved in poultry farming.The concerns of the general public regarding chicken welfare and public health seemed predominantly related to naturalness. It is not clear what citizens consider to be natural and how they view an innovative hen husbandry system that takes account of concerns about naturalness, hen welfare and public health. Therefore, we studied citizens views during a farm visit. Two groups of nine citizens visited an innovative laying hen husbandry system with an indoor aviary system and a large covered free-range area. The participants filled out a questionnaire, partly before and partly while seeing the hens. Results of the farm showed that citizens’ concerns related to public health, chicken welfare and naturalness could be addressed in a free-range system with a large covered free-range area.In this thesis it is concluded that differences in views between and within stakeholder groups regarding perceptions, moral convictions and judgements and a dilemma in poultry husbandry could be explained by differences in 1) perceptions of chicken welfare and public health risks related to various husbandry systems; 2) moral convictions related to chicken welfare; 3) differences in weighing up of moral values; 4) context, i.e. whether or not someone is involved in poultry farming; 5) affect and intuitions; 6) knowledge and experiences related to poultry farming and 7) socio-demographics.

This report examines potential public and occupational health and safety risks associated with different photovoltaic cell types (silicon n/p, silicon metal/insulator/semiconductor (MIS) and cadmium sulfide/copper sulfide) and their use in small rooftop shingle, rooftop panel, and ground-based units. Potential development of this technology has aroused concern about public health risks from use, and release of specific pollutants (e.g. silicon and cadmium) from photovoltaic cell fabrication, and conventional pollutants from preparation of structural materials (e.g. sulfur oxides), hazards of electrical shock, and about occupational health risks of accident- and illness-related hazards. Also, questions exist about potential uncertainties in these estimates, and differences in risk among different fabrication alternatives. This report does not resolve all these concerns but some perspective is provided for these questions: (1) what photovoltaic fabrication alternatives and uses will be commercialized in the near-term; (2) what types and quantities of materials will be used and what wastes will be produced; (3) what effects will these pollutants have on environmental quality; (4) what risks will these pollutants pose to public health; and (5) what are the principal occupational health risks.

BOOK REVIEW article Front. Public Health, 19 December 2014Sec. Public Health Education and Promotion Volume 2 - 2014 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00250

A significant literature identifies the policy, economic, health, and social challenges that confront released prisoners. This literature also describes the public health and public safety risks associated with prisoner reentry, provides recommendations for improving the reentry process, and describes the effectiveness of prison-based programs on recidivism rates. Public health and public safety risks are particularly significant in communities where large numbers of prisoners are released and few evidence-based services exist. The purpose of this article is to describe the public health and public safety risks that released prisoners experience when they reenter communities, and to discuss the social justice issues relevant for social work practice.

(425) Evaluation of the relative intranasal abuse potential of a hydrocodone extended-release tablet formulated with abuse-deterrence technology in nondependent, recreational opioid users

This is the first of four chapters emphasizing the application of descriptive analytics to characterize public and occupational health risks. Much of risk analysis addresses basic descriptive information: how big is a risk now, how is it changing over time or with age, how does it differ for people or situations with different characteristics, on what factors does it depend, with what other risks or characteristics does it cluster? Such questions arise not only for public and occupational health and safety risks, but also for risks of failures or degraded performance in engineering infrastructure or technological systems, financial systems, political systems, or other “systems of systems” (Guo and Haimes 2016). Simply knowing how large a risk is now and whether it is increasing, staying steady, or decreasing may be enough to decide whether a proposed costly intervention to reduce it is worth considering further. This chapter shows how to use basic tools of descriptive analytics, especially interaction plots (showing the conditional expected value of one variable at different levels of one or more other variables), together with more advanced methods from Chap. 2, such as regression trees, partial dependence plots, Bayesian networks (BNs), to describe risks and how they vary with other factors. A brief discussion and motivation of these methods is given for readers who have skipped Chap. 2. Chapter 4 introduces additional descriptive techniques, including plots that use non-parametric regression to pass smooth curves or surfaces through data clouds. It shows how they can be used, together with simple mathematical analysis, to resolve a puzzle that has occasioned some debate among toxicologists: that some studies have concluded that workers form disproportionately high levels of benzene metabolites at very low occupational exposure concentrations compared to higher concentrations, while other studies conclude that metabolism of benzene at low concentrations is approximately linear, and proportional to concentrations in inhaled air. Chapter 5 emphasizes the value of descriptive plots, upper-bounding analyses, and qualitative assumptions, as well as more quantitative risk assessment modeling, in bounding the size of human health risks from use of antibiotics in food animals. Chapter 6 calculates plausible bounds on the sizes of the quantitative risks to human health of infection with a drug-resistant “super-bug” from swine farming operations. Together, these chapters illustrate how descriptive analytics can be used to obtain and present useful quantitative characterizations of human health risks despite realistic scientific uncertainties about the details of relevant causal processes.

Recent reports highlight the importance of assessing public health and food safety risks via land-spreading of organic wastes (i.e., biofertilisers) in Ireland. Accordingly, this study established a modular framework for farm-to-fork quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of targeted waste-pathogen combinations (W-PCs) due to land-spreading. Assessments will also consider resultant cross-contamination of soil, livestock, water, and crops (i.e., One Health approach). A scoping review of the scientific literature was undertaken, employing search strings of relevant terms relating to enteric pathogens in land-spread animal manures and biosolids. The primary eligibility criterion was “spatial relevance” (i.e., Ireland and western Europe). Directed graphical model chains were developed, incorporating both stochastic model parameters and inherent uncertainty and variability associated with model inputs. Mixed effects meta-analyses, likelihood ratio testing, and stepwise multivariate regression were used to pool estimates from extracted farm-level datasets (i.e., harmonisation, weighting, and density function fitting for target pathogen prevalence and concentration). Identified priority W-PCs based on Irish environmental prevalence and epidemiological data were: bovine slurry (BS)-STEC O157/O26, BS-Cryptosporidium parvum, biosolids-noroviruses GI and GII, and broiler litter-Campylobacter jejuni. All distributed baseline prevalence meta-models included: pooled estimates ranging 0.13-0.43, SE ranging 0.04-0.06 (for p ranging <0.0001-0.009, respectively), and bioclimatic indicators, temperature and precipitation seasonality (for p ranging <0.0001-0.01, respectively), explaining 34.91%-54.75% of heterogeneity (system variance). The directed graphical model chains, pooled analyses, and fitted distributions for identified W-PCs provide the first modular framework for spatially explicit QMRA of land-spreading in the Republic of Ireland. Acknowledgements DAFM R2021453 Key messages • The modular framework provides the tools to assess the public health and food safety risks of land-spread biofertilisers in Ireland. • This is the first modular framework for spatially explicit QMRA of land-spreading in the Republic of Ireland.

A study was conducted to assess the practices with respect to management of animal wastes and awareness of livestock keepers on the environmental and public health risks associated with improper management of animal wastes in 66 livestock-keeping households in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection, complemented with review of secondary data and researchers’ observations. Majority of respondents (91.0%) heaped the wastes near the animal shed and none of them treated the waste before disposal. Main methods for waste disposal were spreading as manure on crop farms (62.1%) and burning (10.6%), and about 24% respondents disposed the wastes on any available open space. It was also observed that 40.9% of the respondents were aware of environmental risks caused by improper disposal of animal wastes while 59.1% were not aware of such risks, and the risk mentioned was air pollution. About 57.6% of the respondents were aware of the public health risks and they mentioned skin infections, helminthosis, diarrhea, allergy and respiratory infections. Majority of the respondents (87.9%) were not aware of the existence of legislation governing animal waste management. It can be concluded from the study that the limited knowledge on proper management of animal wastes in the study area as well as lack of enforcement of legislation predisposes the environment and public to health risks. It is recommended that responsible authorities should initiate programmes to educate livestock keepers and the general public on appropriate waste management technologies in order to minimize public and environmental health risks. Key words : animal wastes, environment, public health

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Background:
 The COVID-19 pandemic has seriously affected global public health security and economic development, and is a huge test for China and other countries around the world. Among the factors affecting the outbreak of the epidemic, human abuse of wildlife appears to be the most important. Under the influence of relevant factors, China has formulated and implemented policies, laws and regulations on a comprehensive ban on wildlife.
 Objectives:
 Through the integration and impact analysis of China's comprehensive wildlife fasting policy and relevant laws and regulations, this paper aims to provide reference for other countries in epidemic prevention and control and the improvement of public health governance.
 Methods:
 Through the integration of relevant policies and regulations and detailed introduction, the author studied from three aspects: policies and regulations related to people's life, health and safety, improvement of public health and safety risk prevention and promotion of environmental protection and human civilization development, and analyzed its impact on all aspects of human society, especially public health safety and emergency management system and management capacity, to remind people to change the habit of over eating wild animals.
 Results:
 The article is of reference and guiding significance in promoting the global implementation of comprehensive fasting for wild animals, and in the current epidemic prevention and control of other countries, maintaining social public health and security governance, and safeguarding human health.
 Main Contribution to Evidence-Based Practice:
 The article demonstrates that the relevant policies, laws and regulations of China's comprehensive prohibition of wildlife have reference and guiding significance for epidemic prevention, maintenance of social public health and safety management, and protection of human health. In addition, it has promoted the global implementation of a comprehensive ban on wildlife.

BackgroundDigital forms of direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical marketing (eDTCA) have globalized in an era of free and open information exchange. Yet, the unregulated expansion of eDTCA has resulted in unaddressed global public health threats. Specifically, illicit online pharmacies are engaged in the sale of purportedly safe, legitimate product that may in fact be counterfeit or substandard. These cybercriminal actors exploit available eDTCA mediums over the Internet to market their suspect products globally. Despite these risks, a detailed assessment of the public health, patient safety, and cybersecurity threats and governance mechanisms to address them has not been conducted.DiscussionIllicit online pharmacies represent a significant global public health and patient safety risk. Existing governance mechanisms are insufficient and include lack of adequate adoption in national regulation, ineffective voluntary governance mechanisms, and uneven global law enforcement efforts that have allowed proliferation of these cybercriminals on the web. In order to effectively address this multistakeholder threat, inclusive global governance strategies that engage the information technology, law enforcement and public health sectors should be established.SummaryEffective global “eHealth Governance” focused on cybercrime is needed in order to effectively combat illicit online pharmacies. This includes building upon existing Internet governance structures and coordinating partnership between the UN Office of Drugs and Crime that leads the global fight against transnational organized crime and the Internet Governance Forum that is shaping the future of Internet governance. Through a UNODC-IGF governance mechanism, investigation, detection and coordination of activities against illicit online pharmacies and their misuse of eDTCA can commence.

The "Public Child" and the Reluctant State? Robbie Gilligan (bio) This essay explores the Irish state's response to the "public child." It assesses the available evidence and argues ultimately that the Irish state has been reluctant at best, negligent at worst, in its response to the needs of the "public child." The term "public child," as used here, refers to a child whose private world has in some sense become public business, attracting attention because concern has been aroused about his or her care or safety.1 The nature of this concern eventually leads the apparatus of state control, governmental or nongovernmental, to intervene, often placing the child in the care of the state, away from its home and the care of its parents.2 In earlier decades, this apparatus of control might have operated in civil society at least partly through the work of nongovernmental organizations, [End Page 265] such as the Irish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (ISPCC) or through the efforts of concerned citizens.3 In recent decades, this apparatus has become more the remit of state systems, such as statutory child protection, social work services, or the Garda Síochána.4 Thus, the state has become increasingly involved not just in regulating the basis of intervention at the more serious end of the spectrum of child protection but also very often in delivering that intervention. The "public child" in the context of this discussion lives away from home, on foot of state intervention with or without parental consent.5 This essay also considers evidence on the experience of the "private child" and the "adopted child" to throw further light on the fate of the "public child." The "private child" lives within its family structure of whatever form, largely untouched by troubles that might bring him or her onto the radar screen of state surveillance systems. The "adopted child" is raised in its adoptive family home following an adoption order in accordance with state legislation. Legal adoption came late to the Republic of Ireland, only having been introduced as recently as 1952.6 In at least some instances, it [End Page 266] might be argued that domestic adoption serves the function, among others, of transforming a "public child" or a potential "public child" into a "private child."7 Unlike the private or adopted child, the public child's marginal status meant that it lacked sufficient advocacy on its behalf in the political or policy world. In terms of time frame, this essay focuses on the period since the publication of the Reformatory and Industrial Schools Systems Report, 1970—hereafter referred to by its more popular name, the Kennedy Report—although reference will be made to earlier developments where these help to explain later trends.8 The second part of the essay's title refers to the "reluctant state." Even a minimalist understanding of the state's role in comparative social welfare suggests three key areas of responsibility for child protective services: the enacting of legislation, the funding of activity to at least some basic level, and the monitoring of compliance with legal standards or funding conditions. Using evidence from these three areas of activity, this essay argues that the Irish state can indeed be classified as "reluctant" in its dealings with the "public child." The role of the state in relation to the "public child" will, moreover, be explored through four relevant lenses: residential care, foster care, adoption, and community supports, namely measures that might preempt the need to make care of the child a public responsibility.9 [End Page 267] Residential Care Given the plethora of media attention since the mid-1990s to child abuse scandals involving the state's industrial and reformatory schools, in the public mind residential care is probably the form of provision most associated with the "public child." Residential care refers to care provided in institutional or nonfamilial settings, such as in industrial schools, reformatory institutions, or orphanages.10 Prior to 1970, these settings were generally large and forbidding institutions, but with subsequent reform, now tend to be smaller in scale.11 Reflecting the spirit and the recommendations of the Kennedy Report, these newer settings are more...

Has traditional medicine had its day? The need to redefine academic medicine

The evolution of the system of radiological protection - evolution or expedition?

Independent foundations' primary focus is grant making. In general, their assets come from the gift of an individual or family. Community foundations' assets usually come from many donors rather than a single source, and grant making is limited to a particular region. Community foundations are usually classified as private charities under the tax law and are subject to different rules and regulations than are other private foundations.