From COVID-19 to global health: challenges and opportunities in mRNA vaccine manufacturing

Absence of Humoral Response After Two-Dose SARS-CoV-2 Messenger RNA Vaccination in Patients With Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases: A Case Series.

Impaired SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Antibody Response in Chronic Medical Conditions: A Real-World Analysis

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are composed of mRNA sequences encoding pathogens. The first coronavirus mRNA vaccine (BNT162B2, Pfizer/BioNTech), approved in the United Kingdom in 2020, had prevented approximately 20 million deaths globally within the first year of use. mRNA vaccines were initially used against tumors and infectious diseases, but recent research has also turned its attention to the prevention of allergic diseases. Here, we summarized the characteristics and outcomes of mRNA vaccines in preventing allergic diseases and analyzed their advantages over traditional inactivated vaccines and DNA vaccines. This review focused on the feasibility, potential mechanisms, and preclinical research results of prophylactic allergen mRNA vaccines in the prevention of type I hypersensitivity reactions, and preliminarily addressed the key issues in clinical trials of allergen mRNA vaccines. Allergen mRNA vaccines hold promise for preventing IgE-mediated allergic diseases, yet their potential uses warrant further clinical investigations.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are emerging as powerful tools in oncology, extending their success from infectious diseases to cancer immunotherapy. Globally, over 13.5 billion mRNA vaccine doses have been administered, establishing a strong safety and adaptability record. In surgical oncology, where 25–40% of patients experience postoperative recurrence, mRNA vaccines offer a new avenue for durable immune surveillance. Personalized mRNA vaccines encoding tumor-specific neoantigens have shown 44% objective response rates in melanoma and a 50% reduction in recurrence when combined with checkpoint inhibitors. In pancreatic cancer, early-phase data demonstrated neoantigen-specific T-cell expansion in half of the recipients, improving relapse-free intervals. Moreover, emerging evidence links gut microbiota composition with mRNA vaccine pharmacodynamics, influencing T-cell activation by up to 35%, as demonstrated in recent pharmacomicrobiomic analyses. These findings suggest that integrating mRNA vaccines into perioperative cancer care could transform postoperative outcomes through precision immunotherapy. Collectively, this paradigm marks a new era in neoplasm immunotherapy and precision surgical oncology, bridging immune science with personalized care.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are a relatively new class of vaccines. They combine the potential of mRNA to encode for almost any protein with an excellent safety profile and a flexible production process. During the last decade, the mRNA vaccine approach has been increasingly recognized and viewed as a versatile tool for the development of new innovative therapeutics not only in infectious disease settings but also in cancer. mRNA vaccines traditionally consist of a messenger RNA synthesized by in vitro transcription using a bacteriophage RNA polymerase and a template DNA that encodes the antigen(s) of interest. Once administered and internalized by host cells, the mRNA transcripts are translated directly in the cytoplasm of the cell. The resulting antigens are presented to the immune system cells to stimulate an immune response. Dendritic cells (DCs) can be utilized as a carrier by delivering tumor-associated antigen mRNAs or total tumor RNA to their cytoplasm; then, the mRNA-loaded DCs can be delivered to the host to elicit a specific immune response. Recently, 2 mRNA vaccines were approved for the first time for human use-to prevent COVID-19 infection-bringing excitement for the future possibilities of this approach for cancer immunotherapy as well as for preventing other infectious diseases.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine technology became extremely important in the field of medicine. Here, I review the latest updates, challenges, and future outlook for mRNA vaccines while discussing their mechanisms, development processes, and various applications. mRNA vaccines introduce synthetic mRNA to host cells, prompting them to produce specific antigens that trigger an immune response. Thanks to vaccines from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, researchers discovered that mRNA can be produced quickly and is highly effective against COVID-19 infection. This advancement allows for the application of mRNA science in combating other infectious diseases and conditions, including influenza, Zika virus disease (ZVD), and certain cancers. Although mRNA vaccines show great potential, several challenges must be addressed. The requirement for COVID-19 vaccines to be stored at extremely low temperatures poses a significant issue for countries with less developed infrastructure. Innovations are underway to enhance drug stability at higher temperatures and explore new administration methods. Additionally, misinformation and public doubts surrounding vaccines have led many people to question the use of mRNA treatments, underscoring the need for transparent information sharing to help them understand these medicines. Governments are reforming regulations to accommodate the unique nature of mRNA vaccines. Agencies such as the U. S. Food and Drug Administration are establishing guidelines to ensure safety and efficacy while permitting swift distribution during emergencies. Moreover, the World Health Organization’s mRNA Technology Transfer Programme aims to boost manufacturing in low- and middle-income countries and promote equitable access to these vaccines. New advancements are continually enhancing mRNA vaccine technology. The use of lipid nanoparticles and novel RNA types, alongside machine learning, is significantly improving vaccine stability, immune stimulation, and production speed. Consequently, mRNA science is advancing existing vaccines and creating new possibilities for mRNA therapeutics. In conclusion, mRNA vaccines significantly enhance vaccine technology with rapid development, adaptability, and robust immune support. Achieving the global health benefits of mRNA vaccines necessitates addressing the associated challenges through scientific innovation, investment in infrastructure, and public engagement.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have revolutionized the field of vaccinology, offering rapid design flexibility, scalable manufacturing, and strong immunogenicity. The unprecedented success of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines has accelerated research into novel delivery platforms and expanded therapeutic applications beyond infectious diseases to cancer immunotherapy and immune-mediated disorders. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanistic principles underlying mRNA vaccine design, including mRNA engineering strategies, delivery innovations such as lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), and virus-like particles (VLPs), as well as emerging needle-free administration technologies. We further highlight recent advances in therapeutic areas spanning infectious diseases (e.g. HIV, tuberculosis, respiratory syncytial virus), oncology, and non-traditional indications such as autoimmune disorders. Despite remarkable progress, critical challenges persist in vaccine stability, delivery efficiency, large-scale manufacturing, and global accessibility. Finally, we discuss future research directions integrating artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, and systems immunology to accelerate next-generation mRNA vaccine development and clinical translation.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines represent a novel category of vaccinations with significant potential for the future. Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of mRNA vaccines in combating various viral infections and cancer, particularly in cases where traditional vaccine platforms may not produce protective immune responses. In particular, mRNA vaccines have gained attention due to their quick development, scalable manufacturing, and ability to elicit strong immune responses. This review elucidates the synthesis of mRNA and mRNA vaccines, their mechanisms of action, and the strategies to enhance their delivery and address their advantages and limitations for viral disease. Many delivery strategies have been investigated in recent years, concentrating on nanoparticle-mediated mRNA vaccine delivery. The delivery mechanism is crucial for improving mRNA vaccine stability, biocompatibility, and targeting specific cells and tissues. By preventing mRNA degradation and increasing cellular uptake, nanocarriers significantly contribute to the stability and immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines. Nanoformulation functions not only as a carrier but also as a compartment that safeguards the mRNA from biological, chemical, and physical processes that may compromise its safety and efficacy. Despite these advances, challenges such as long-term safety and innate immune activation remain. Eventually, this review concentrated on future considerations necessary for the more efficient and safer deployment of mRNA, emphasizing the merits and drawbacks of the existing viral disease mRNA vaccines, with an eye toward future innovations and clinical applications.

Safety of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines and effects of immunosuppressive drugs on adverse reactions in patients with rheumatic diseases

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine development for preventive and therapeutic applications has evolved rapidly over the last decade. The mRVNA vaccine has proven therapeutic efficacy in various applications, including infectious disease, immunotherapy, genetic disorders, regenerative medicine, and cancer. Many mRNA vaccines have made it to clinical trials, and a couple have obtained FDA approval. This emerging therapeutic approach has several advantages over conventional methods: safety; efficacy; adaptability; bulk production; and cost-effectiveness. However, it is worth mentioning that the delivery to the target site and in vivo degradation and thermal stability are boundaries that can alter their efficacy and outcomes. In this review, we shed light on different types of mRNA vaccines, their mode of action, and the process to optimize their development and overcome their limitations. We also have explored various delivery systems focusing on the nanoparticle-mediated delivery of the mRNA vaccine. Generally, the delivery system plays a vital role in enhancing mRNA vaccine stability, biocompatibility, and homing to the desired cells and tissues. In addition to their function as a delivery vehicle, they serve as a compartment that shields and protects the mRNA molecules against physical, chemical, and biological activities that can alter their efficiency. Finally, we focused on the future considerations that should be attained for safer and more efficient mRNA application underlining the advantages and disadvantages of the current mRNA vaccines.

Immunogenicity of a third COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccine dose in primary immunodeficiency disorder patients with functional B-cell defects

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine was the first authorised vaccine developed using mRNA vaccine production technology, against SARS-CoV-2. Well accepted by the population, it proved to be a major life saving intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic. This article discusses the mRNA vaccine technology and its major advantages, and provides an update on the various ongoing and completed clinical trials on the leading mRNA vaccines against various viral diseases. It also delves into the prospects and the technical challenges associated with the manufacturing of mRNA vaccine and the issues with its deployment in the low- and middle-income countries around the world. Despite the already available classical vaccine candidates, the persistent interest and continuous research in mRNA vaccine technology and the related storage, immunogenicity and lipid nanoparticles delivery aspects have helped in expanding and upgrading the vaccinology arsenals to counter diseases. The technology holds promises in opening new vistas to protect against infectious diseases and the associated complications, where safe and effective immunisations are currently lacking. Furthermore, as mRNA vaccines evolve, they offer new hope against neglected and reemerging diseases like rabies, Zika, and Nipah viruses.

Nanomaterials for Therapeutic RNA Delivery

Over the past several decades, messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have progressed from a scepticism-inducing idea to clinical reality. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic catalysed the most rapid vaccine development in history, with mRNA vaccines at the forefront of those efforts. Although it is now clear that mRNA vaccines can rapidly and safely protect patients from infectious disease, additional research is required to optimize mRNA design, intracellular delivery and applications beyond SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis. In this Review, we describe the technologies that underlie mRNA vaccines, with an emphasis on lipid nanoparticles and other non-viral delivery vehicles. We also overview the pipeline of mRNA vaccines against various infectious disease pathogens and discuss key questions for the future application of this breakthrough vaccine platform.

Cancer mRNA vaccines: clinical application progress and challenges.