From botanics to physics: Henri Devaux (1862–1956) and the origins of surface science

Professor Brian Vincent is a leading light in colloid science both in the UK and internationally. The science Brian has been involved in has influenced many areas of colloids both academically and industrially. He has collaborated with many sectors of industry (including pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, agrochemicals, personal products, laundry products, paints and coatings). Brian has also been an active member of both the RSC and the SCI and has collaborated with many universities in the UK and overseas. Brian Vincent retired from the position of Leverhulme Professor of Physical Chemistry at the University of Bristol at the end of 2007 after a long and distinguished career which started as a chemistry undergraduate in Bristol in 1961. After obtaining a 1st class honours degree in Chemistry and an MSc in Surface Chemistry and Colloids and a PhD, Brian then moved to Wageningen to work in Hans Lyklema's laboratory on a Royal Society Fellowship. This was to be the start of a lifelong friendship and scientific collaboration with the Colloid and Physical Chemistry Group there. After returning to the UK in 1969, Brian had a succession of top posts and appointments culminating in 1993 when he became the 5th Leverhulme Professor in Physical Chemistry. In 1994, together with Dr Jim Goodwin, Brian founded the very successful Bristol Colloid Centre, an organisation which carries out short-term research and consultancy work for industry. Brian has received many honours including the SCI Founder's Lecture and Award, the SCI Distinguished Service Award, the RSC award in Surface and Colloid Chemistry and the Rehbinder Lecture and Medal (Moscow). He has had numerous invitations to give lectures throughout the world and has published over 250 papers, articles, books and patents during his career. He has also been very active at the academic /industry interface and has been a consultant for many of the leading companies that use colloid technology worldwide. This unique book is effectively a compendium of Brian's research, complemented by contributions on current topics in colloids by some of the leading scientists in the field. It provides an overview of the broad spectrum of colloid and interface science in which Brian has been a research pioneer for many years. The contributors to this symposium volume comprise a selection of Brian's past students and postdocs who have themselves pursued academic careers and other colleagues with whom he has worked extensively, all of whom are of international standing in colloid science and as such make this book an invaluable reference tool. The book backs up a meeting organised jointly by the RSC Colloid and Interface Science Group and the SCI Colloid & Surface Science Group and covers topics such as: The Adsorption of Small, Negative Particles onto Large Positive Particles Polymer Chemistry, Hypervelocity Physics and the CASSINI Space Mission The BV Droplets Downunder: From Model Emulsions to Drug Delivery Polymers and Surfactants at Interfaces Controlled Release as Desorption from Porous Polymeric Systems Characterisation and Application of Colloidal Micorogels Surface Modification The range of the subject material highlights Brian's own very broad interests in colloid science; it also reflects his long-standing interest in both the academic fundamentals as well as practical applications of the subject. The volume is dedicated to Brian in recognition of his considerable contribution to the world of colloid science and to the guidance and inspiration he has given to many future generations of colloid scientists. However, the book is not just reflective, but provides insight into new areas in which colloid science is being applied. It has specific appeal to both colloid scientists in academia and industry who will find this book fascinating as well as an indispensable reference tool.

AVS, the Science and Technology Society (formerly the American Vacuum Society), will hold its 48th International Symposium in conjunction with the International Union for Vacuum Science, Technique, and Application (IUVSTA) 15th International Vacuum Congress and the 11th International Conference on Solid Surfaces. More than 3000 participants are expected to attend the joint meetings, which will be held from 28 October through 2 November in San Francisco at the Moscone Convention Center and the San Francisco Marriott Hotel.The topics for the divisional program sessions will include applied surface analysis, biomaterials, dielectrics, electrochemistry and fluid-solid interfaces, electronics, magnetic interfaces and nanostructures, microelectromechanical systems, manufacturing science and technology, nanometer structures, organic films, processing at the nanoscale, organic films, plasma science, semiconductors, tribology, and vacuum technology. A plenary session on biomaterials and another session celebrating NIST’s centennial year will be held during the afternoon on Sunday, 28 October. Four topical conferences are also scheduled during the week: advancing toward sustainability, magnetic recording, science and applications of nanotubes, and photonic materials. The equipment exhibition, featuring more than 200 companies, will take place on Tuesday from 11 AM to 7 PM, on Wednesday from 9 AM to 5 PM, and on Thursday from 9 AM to 3 PM.The awards ceremony, which includes awards given by AVS and IUVSTA, will be held on Wednesday, 31 October, at 6:15 PM in Salon 8 of the Marriott Hotel, and will be followed by a reception in Salon 9.The Medard W. Welch Award will go to E. Ward Plummer “for the development of novel instrumentation, its use to illuminate new concepts in the surface physics of metals, and the mentoring of promising young scientists.” Plummer is a distinguished professor of physics at the University of Tennessee and a distinguished scientist in the solid-state division at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.The IUVSTA Science Prize, given for outstanding, internationally acclaimed research, will go to Kunio Takayanagi for his “accomplishments in the structural determination and characterization of surfaces and nanowires at the atomic level through the development of unique ultrahigh vacuum transmission electron microscopy and diffraction techniques.” Takayanagi is a professor of physics at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. The IUVSTA Technology Prize, given for outstanding, internationally acclaimed achievements in technology and instrumentation, goes to Wolf-Dieter Münz, a professor of surface engineering at Sheffield Hallam University in Sheffield, UK. Münz is being recognized for “pioneering advances in vacuum-based technology of material coatings which impact a wide range of products used worldwide today.” Cedric Powell, a NIST Fellow, will receive the Albert Nerken Award “for the development of improved data, particularly electron inelastic mean free paths, for applications in quantitative Auger electron spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.” Samuel D. Bader will garner the John A. Thornton Memorial Award, “for his seminal contributions to the atomic-level understanding of surface and thin-film magnetism.” Bader is a senior physicist and group leader of the magnetic films group in the materials science division at Argonne National Laboratory.This year’s Peter Mark Memorial Award goes to Eli Rotenberg, a staff scientist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. He is being honored for “furthering our knowledge of nanophase and reduced dimensionality systems by creative use of angle-resolved photoemission.” Paul Lulai (photo unavailable) will receive the John L. Vossen Memorial Award for “developing a classroom demonstration experiment to determine work function using an electron tube.” Lulai is a physics and physical science teacher at Saint Anthony Village High School in Minnesota.The George T. Hanyo Award will go to John Bultman for his “sustained superior technical support in the areas of thin-film deposition, characterization, and performance evaluation.” Bultman is a senior laser technician at the University of Dayton Research Institute in Dayton, Ohio.The Nellie Yeoh Whetten Award, given to recognize and encourage excellence by women in graduate studies, will go to Tanhong Cai of Iowa State University.This year’s finalists for the Russell and Sigurd Varian Fellowship are Jianwei Dong of the University of Minnesota, Jason Drotar of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and Michael Schwartz of the University of Wisconsin.Sessions with invited speakersSunday, 28 octoberAfternoon Biomaterials plenary session. de Gennes, Wagner, Schwartz NBS/NIST centennial. Kendall, Madey Monday, 29 octoberMorningMolecular recognition. Sasaki Science and technology of microplasmas and MEMS processing. Bogart Diagnostics I. Sadeghi Magnetic devices. Tehrani, Tondra Surface processes in electrocatalysis. Koper Aerosol and related chemistry. Lu Metal clusters. Heiz Thin-film sensors. Hitchman Band-engineered electronic materials. Tu Sealed and insulating vacuum systems. Della Porta Ferroelectric. Ishiwara Metrology and inspection for manufacturing. Barry, Venkatesan Nanocomposites, multilayers, and nanostructured materials. Voevodin Atomic/nanoscale manipulation. Vettiger, Berndt Quantitative analysis and data interpretation I: SIMS. Gilmore AfternoonRole of water in biological systems. Tobias, Jarvis Plasma-surface interactions I. Kessels Nanomagnetics. Ralph, Kent Electrochemical control of surface structure: Growth and dissolution. Magnussen Innovations in surface science. Marsi Molecular interactions with oxide surfaces. Noguera Nanophase and multilayered thin films. Spiller, Kish GaN surfaces, interfaces, and devices. Myers, Vogl Dry, cryo, and other forms of pumping. Chew, Missimer High-k dielectrics. Yu Manufacturing technologies for the information industry. Shahidi, Bohr, Re, O’Brien, Allara Surface engineering I: Graded, multicomponent, and complex coatings. Lévy Nanostructures from 0 to 3 dimensions. Alivisatos, Fan Tuesday, 30 octoberMorning Bio-MEMS and microdevices. Abbott, Desai Diagnostics II. Nakano Emerging applications of plasmas. Cheung, Bouchoule, Squire Spintronics I: Magnetization dynamics and new materials. Koch, Bailey, Chien Climate change, sustainable energy, and industry. Hutchinson, Slanina, Baltensperger Poirier memorial session: Self-assembled monolayers I. Tarlov, Scoles, White Water at surfaces. Borjesson Optical thin films. Minami Semiconductor interfaces and thin films. Pelz Turbomolecular, molecular drag, and similar pumps. Mathes, Hablanian High-k dielectrics II. Zollner Process integration and factory productivity. Podlesnik, Spanos, Butler, Ibbotson Surface engineering II: Cleaning, modification, and finishing. Münz Nanotubes: Growth and characterization. Iijima High spatial resolution and imaging. Kiskinova, Wandelt AfternoonNon-fouling surfaces and theoretical concepts. Liedberg, Netz Dielectric etch I. Tachi PECVD/IPVD. Granier, Shimogaki Spintronics II: Spin injection and transport. Tanaka, Fert Sustainable climate-friendly semiconductor manufacturing. Beppu Poirier memorial session: Self-assembled monolayers II. Nuzzo, Zhu Metal oxides: Structure and photocatalysis. Ollis Growth and properties of thin films. Was Semiconductor heterojunctions. Shiraki, Sakai, Ploog In-line and in situ process control. Hopkins Hard and superhard coatings. Schneider Novel surface nanoprobes. Takayanagi, Blügel Depth profiling I. Wee, Simons Wednesday, 31 octoberMorningBiological interface and surface science. Knoll Modeling. McKoy Magnetic recording: Tribology and integration. Granick, Dallas, Tyndall, Hiller Spintronics III: Ferromagnetic semiconductors. Dietl Surface diffusion. Frenken Surface reactions on metals. Wintterlin Si surface dynamics and reactions. Altman Gas sorption phenomena I. Fremerey Atomic layer deposition for silicon devices. Leskela Fundamentals of tribology and adhesion. Harrison Nanotubes: Nanoelectronics. de Heer Biomaterials and polymers. Mathieu, Pireaux Afternoon Surface characterization. Somorjai Nanobiology. Spatz Plasma-surface interactions II. Shiratani, Maroudas Magnetic recording: Heads and media. Kryder, Fullerton, Sun Chemistry of semiconductor etching and cleaning. Hines New opportunities in surface microscopy. Ho Adsorption on metal surfaces. King Electronic structure I. Plummer, Petek Nucleation and growth. Barna, Liu Semiconductor growth. von Känel Gas sorption phenomena II. Dobrozemsky Low-k dielectrics. Ho Nanotribology. Maboudian Molecular electronics and patterning. Pantelides, Williams Depth profiling II. Harris Thursday, 1 novemberMorningProtein-surface interaction. Hartley, Hoffman Conductor etch and damage. Cunge Magnetic imaging and spectroscopy. Soulen, Wyder, Schuetz, Bode Interaction of hydrogen and organics with silicon. Zimmermann, Sugawara Photonic materials: Studies on the nanoscale. Hwang, Hessman, Wessels Quasicrystals. Rotenberg, Thiel Electronic structure II. Hasegawa Bioactive and organic/inorganic thin films. Chilkoti, Gorman Quantum electronics. Clark, Linke Pressure and flow measurement instruments and their calibration. Chung Characterization of MEMS materials. Sharpe Tribological surface engineering for lubrication and wear resistance. Seitzman Nanotubes: Growth, functionalization, and sensors. Zettl Oxides and oxidation. Ichimura, Watts AfternoonCell-surface interaction. Fromherz Feature profile evolution. Vahedi Magnetic thin films and surfaces I. Bader, Zabel Semiconductor surface structure. Abukawa Photonic materials: Applications and processing. Mino, Peyghambarian, Kimerling Catalysis on model systems. Iwasawa Nucleation and growth. Ernst Emerging thin-film techniques. Helmersson In situ semiconductor characterization. Richter Total and partial pressure gauges and their calibration. Taylor Fabrication and integration processes for MEMS. Soh Electronic properties of organic thin films. Kahn Quantum dots and single electronics. Springholz, Tarucha, Tiwari Adhesion and corrosion. Nardin, Isaacs Friday, 2 novemberMorning Biosensors. Saavedra Diagnostics III. Kono Magnetic thin films and surfaces II. Ijiri, Kirschner Growth and epitaxy of semiconductors. Ichimiya Dynamics of metal surfaces. McCarty Gas-solid dynamics: Theory and experiment. Tully ULSI metallization and interconnects. Harper Semiconductor and functional coating systems and processes. Harra, Hughes, Gu New frontiers in MEMS: NEMS and bio-MEMS. Blick, Roy Laser processing of surfaces. Stuke Accelerators technology, fusion machines, and gravitational wave detectors. Ozaki Nanotubes: Field emission. Bernholc Catalysis and surface reactivity. Haber Plummer PPT|High resolution Takayanagi PPT|High resolution Münz PPT|High resolution Powell PPT|High resolution Bader PPT|High resolution Rotenberg PPT|High resolution Bultman PPT|High resolutionSessions with invited speakersSunday, 28 octoberAfternoon Biomaterials plenary session. de Gennes, Wagner, Schwartz NBS/NIST centennial. Kendall, Madey Monday, 29 octoberMorningMolecular recognition. Sasaki Science and technology of microplasmas and MEMS processing. Bogart Diagnostics I. Sadeghi Magnetic devices. Tehrani, Tondra Surface processes in electrocatalysis. Koper Aerosol and related chemistry. Lu Metal clusters. Heiz Thin-film sensors. Hitchman Band-engineered electronic materials. Tu Sealed and insulating vacuum systems. Della Porta Ferroelectric. Ishiwara Metrology and inspection for manufacturing. Barry, Venkatesan Nanocomposites, multilayers, and nanostructured materials. Voevodin Atomic/nanoscale manipulation. Vettiger, Berndt Quantitative analysis and data interpretation I: SIMS. Gilmore AfternoonRole of water in biological systems. Tobias, Jarvis Plasma-surface interactions I. Kessels Nanomagnetics. Ralph, Kent Electrochemical control of surface structure: Growth and dissolution. Magnussen Innovations in surface science. Marsi Molecular interactions with oxide surfaces. Noguera Nanophase and multilayered thin films. Spiller, Kish GaN surfaces, interfaces, and devices. Myers, Vogl Dry, cryo, and other forms of pumping. Chew, Missimer High-k dielectrics. Yu Manufacturing technologies for the information industry. Shahidi, Bohr, Re, O’Brien, Allara Surface engineering I: Graded, multicomponent, and complex coatings. Lévy Nanostructures from 0 to 3 dimensions. Alivisatos, Fan Tuesday, 30 octoberMorning Bio-MEMS and microdevices. Abbott, Desai Diagnostics II. Nakano Emerging applications of plasmas. Cheung, Bouchoule, Squire Spintronics I: Magnetization dynamics and new materials. Koch, Bailey, Chien Climate change, sustainable energy, and industry. Hutchinson, Slanina, Baltensperger Poirier memorial session: Self-assembled monolayers I. Tarlov, Scoles, White Water at surfaces. Borjesson Optical thin films. Minami Semiconductor interfaces and thin films. Pelz Turbomolecular, molecular drag, and similar pumps. Mathes, Hablanian High-k dielectrics II. Zollner Process integration and factory productivity. Podlesnik, Spanos, Butler, Ibbotson Surface engineering II: Cleaning, modification, and finishing. Münz Nanotubes: Growth and characterization. Iijima High spatial resolution and imaging. Kiskinova, Wandelt AfternoonNon-fouling surfaces and theoretical concepts. Liedberg, Netz Dielectric etch I. Tachi PECVD/IPVD. Granier, Shimogaki Spintronics II: Spin injection and transport. Tanaka, Fert Sustainable climate-friendly semiconductor manufacturing. Beppu Poirier memorial session: Self-assembled monolayers II. Nuzzo, Zhu Metal oxides: Structure and photocatalysis. Ollis Growth and properties of thin films. Was Semiconductor heterojunctions. Shiraki, Sakai, Ploog In-line and in situ process control. Hopkins Hard and superhard coatings. Schneider Novel surface nanoprobes. Takayanagi, Blügel Depth profiling I. Wee, Simons Wednesday, 31 octoberMorningBiological interface and surface science. Knoll Modeling. McKoy Magnetic recording: Tribology and integration. Granick, Dallas, Tyndall, Hiller Spintronics III: Ferromagnetic semiconductors. Dietl Surface diffusion. Frenken Surface reactions on metals. Wintterlin Si surface dynamics and reactions. Altman Gas sorption phenomena I. Fremerey Atomic layer deposition for silicon devices. Leskela Fundamentals of tribology and adhesion. Harrison Nanotubes: Nanoelectronics. de Heer Biomaterials and polymers. Mathieu, Pireaux Afternoon Surface characterization. Somorjai Nanobiology. Spatz Plasma-surface interactions II. Shiratani, Maroudas Magnetic recording: Heads and media. Kryder, Fullerton, Sun Chemistry of semiconductor etching and cleaning. Hines New opportunities in surface microscopy. Ho Adsorption on metal surfaces. King Electronic structure I. Plummer, Petek Nucleation and growth. Barna, Liu Semiconductor growth. von Känel Gas sorption phenomena II. Dobrozemsky Low-k dielectrics. Ho Nanotribology. Maboudian Molecular electronics and patterning. Pantelides, Williams Depth profiling II. Harris Thursday, 1 novemberMorningProtein-surface interaction. Hartley, Hoffman Conductor etch and damage. Cunge Magnetic imaging and spectroscopy. Soulen, Wyder, Schuetz, Bode Interaction of hydrogen and organics with silicon. Zimmermann, Sugawara Photonic materials: Studies on the nanoscale. Hwang, Hessman, Wessels Quasicrystals. Rotenberg, Thiel Electronic structure II. Hasegawa Bioactive and organic/inorganic thin films. Chilkoti, Gorman Quantum electronics. Clark, Linke Pressure and flow measurement instruments and their calibration. Chung Characterization of MEMS materials. Sharpe Tribological surface engineering for lubrication and wear resistance. Seitzman Nanotubes: Growth, functionalization, and sensors. Zettl Oxides and oxidation. Ichimura, Watts AfternoonCell-surface interaction. Fromherz Feature profile evolution. Vahedi Magnetic thin films and surfaces I. Bader, Zabel Semiconductor surface structure. Abukawa Photonic materials: Applications and processing. Mino, Peyghambarian, Kimerling Catalysis on model systems. Iwasawa Nucleation and growth. Ernst Emerging thin-film techniques. Helmersson In situ semiconductor characterization. Richter Total and partial pressure gauges and their calibration. Taylor Fabrication and integration processes for MEMS. Soh Electronic properties of organic thin films. Kahn Quantum dots and single electronics. Springholz, Tarucha, Tiwari Adhesion and corrosion. Nardin, Isaacs Friday, 2 novemberMorning Biosensors. Saavedra Diagnostics III. Kono Magnetic thin films and surfaces II. Ijiri, Kirschner Growth and epitaxy of semiconductors. Ichimiya Dynamics of metal surfaces. McCarty Gas-solid dynamics: Theory and experiment. Tully ULSI metallization and interconnects. Harper Semiconductor and functional coating systems and processes. Harra, Hughes, Gu New frontiers in MEMS: NEMS and bio-MEMS. Blick, Roy Laser processing of surfaces. Stuke Accelerators technology, fusion machines, and gravitational wave detectors. Ozaki Nanotubes: Field emission. Bernholc Catalysis and surface reactivity. Haber Plummer PPT|High resolution Takayanagi PPT|High resolution Münz PPT|High resolution Powell PPT|High resolution Bader PPT|High resolution Rotenberg PPT|High resolution Bultman PPT|High resolution© 2001 American Institute of Physics.

Chapter 19 - Colloid and Surface Chemistry

Surface and colloidal chemistry have been applied to the synthesis and processing of nanoscale ceramic powders. Redispersable oxides, e.g. ZrO2 and Y2O3/ZrO2 with particle sizes less than 20 nm have been prepared by the microemulsion technique as well as by thermodynamically controlled growth reaction in the presence of surface active compounds. By surface modification with short-chained organic molecules which provided short-range steric repulsive forces, nano-scale boehmite and TiN could be processed to high green density compacts. Due to the small particle size of TiN (40nm) and homogeneous green microstructure, nearly full density (>98%) was achieved below 1300°C with negelctable grain growth. The system SiC/B4C/C has been investigated for the improvement of the carbon black distribution within the green specimens prepared by casting techniques and electrohporesis, respectively. For slip casting it was found that nano-scale carbon black can be directly deposited on the surface on the SiC-particles which leads to significantly improved processing and properties of the sintered material (Tb>600 MPa, HV05=31 GPa). An excellent sintering aid distribution within the green parts was achieved by electrophoresis after careful adjustment of the electrophoretic velocity of the different components by surface modification with a polymeric base.

The study of thin water films on insulator surfaces started, as did many of the pioneering investigations in surface science, with Irving Langmuir [1]. In 1918 he measured film thicknesses on mica and glass. His procedure, elegant in its simplicity, involved taking many sheets of mica or cover glass slides from the ambient laboratory environment and stacking them in a small cell. The adsorbed molecules (principally H2O) on these surfaces were driven off by heating to 300EC and captured in a trap cooled with liquid air. The number of water molecules caught, together with the known geometric area of the substrate surfaces, allowed a calculation of thin water film coverages: 2 molecular layers on mica and 4.5 on glass. If we view these insulator substrates as typical, then we come to expect any insulator surface to have a few molecular layers of water stuck to it under ambient conditions.

and Colloid Chemistry in Ceramics: An Overview, by Elis CarlstrOm The Chemical Synthesis of Ceramic Powders, by Richard Riman Surface Chemical Characterization of Ceramic Powders, by Lennart BergstrOm Dispersion and Stability of Ceramic Particles in Liquids, by Robert Pugh Rheology of Concentrated Suspensions, by Lennart BergstOm Surface Chemistry in Dry Pressing, by Elis CarlstrOm Surface and Colloid Chemistry in Ceramic Casting Operations, by Michael Persson Injection Molding, by J. R. G. Evans

The basic principles and concepts of surface and colloid chemistry are of concern to many science disciplines, including chemistry, physics, engineering, materials science, biology and medicine. These same prinicples are used in the composition and production of consumer items such as plastics, glues, aerosols, creams, cosmetics and dairy products. The chemical, petroleum, mining, electronics and computer industries also employ surface science prinicples. This borad, interdisciplinary subject is represented to some degree in every library's science collection. This paper presents a brief background on surface and colloid chemistry and cites general sources in sections covering textbooks, monographic series, conferences, journals, indexes, current awareness tools, online databases and organizations.

The 19th IUPAC Conference on Physical Organic Chemistry (ICPOC-19) was held at the University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain, 13-18 July 2008 under the local auspices of the Universities of Santiago, A Coruña, and Vigo. About 400 delegates attended ICPOC-19 from 39 countries, to participate in a scientific program comprising 11 plenary lectures, 22 invited lectures, 102 oral communications, and 224 posters. Physical organic chemistry, the study of the interrelationships between structure and reactivity in organic molecules, is a relatively young subfield of organic chemistry. At the end of the 20th century, there was a perception by some that chemists thoroughly understood organic reactivity and that there were no important problems left. This view ignores the fact that while the rigorous treatment of structure and reactivity in organic structures that is the field‚Äôs hallmark continues, physical organic chemistry has expanded to encompass other disciplines. In fact, the application of quantitative tools taken (historically) from physical chemistry to the solution of problems in mechanisms or in understanding properties has evolved to complex molecular problems, and is now being applied in studying catalysis, biochemistry, photochemistry, reactivity in the vapor phase, surface science, materials sciences, and other areas. Indeed, when considering a nice article on molecular biology, drug design, nanosystems, and catalysis, we observe that the experimental interpretation is based on a physical organic chemistry approach. This issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry contains 15 contributions corresponding to plenary and invited lectures presented at ICPOC-19: Symmetry of hydrogen bonds (C. Perrin, USA); Stabilizing reactive intermediates through site isolation (C. Copéret, France); Divalent carbon(0) compounds (G. Frenking, Germany); NMR spectroscopy and ion pairing: Measuring and understanding how ions interact (P. Pregosin, Switzerland); Photochemical routes to metal nanoparticles (J. Scaiano, Canada); Proton transfers in aromatic systems. How aromatic is the transition state? (C. Bernasconi, USA); How to predict changes in solvolysis mechanisms (H. Mayr, Germany); Kinetics and mechanism of the aminolysis of thioesters and thiocarbonates in solution (E. Castro, Chile); Understanding solvation (O. El Seoud, Brazil); Steric and electronic effects in SN2 reactions (E. Uggerud, Norway); Design of carborane molecular architectures with electronic structure computations: From endohedral and polyradical systems to multidimensional networks (J. Oliva, Spain); Mapping catalytic promiscuity in the alkaline phosphatase superfamily (F. Hollfelder, UK); DNA nucleobases properties and photoreactivity: Modeling environmental effects (L. Serrano-Andrés, Spain); Molecular organization and recognition properties of amphiphilic cyclodextrins (R. de Rossi, Argentina); Ionic liquids: Solvation ability and polarity (C. Chiappe, Italy). The conference program, as reflected both by the plenary and invited lectures as well as the oral communications, illustrates both the old and the new trends covering different research areas such as: reaction mechanisms, computational chemistry, synthetic chemistry, catalysis, gas-phase reactions, surface chemistry, molecular machines, organometallic chemistry, nanoscience, green chemistry, colloidal chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, and biochemistry. Papers presented in this issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry are representative of the different topics covered by the conference. We hope that they will serve as a stimulus for work by future generations of physical organic chemists. Luis Garcia-Rio Conference Editor

Professor William I. Higuchi: Teacher and Scientist

Richard Wagner Hoffman, Ambrose Swasey Professor Emeritus of Physics at Case Western Reserve University, died from the consequences of progressive supranuclear palsy on 19 March 2002. Despite the effects of his illness, he had, until shortly before his death, remained academically and socially active, managing with the help of his wife, Yvette, to attend numerous scientific functions.Dick was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on 9 April 1927. He earned his degrees, all in physics, from the Case Institute of Technology (now Case Western Reserve University): a BS in 1947, MS in 1949, and PhD in 1952. His doctoral thesis, under E. C. Crittenden, was entitled “Study of Ferro magnetism by Means of Thin Films.”After receiving his doctorate, he joined the physics faculty at Case as an instructor in physics. He served as a member of the technical staff at Bell Telephone Laboratories from 1955 to 1956 and was a visiting associate professor of metallurgy at Oxford University from 1962 to 1963. In 1965, he was appointed professor of physics at Case and, in 1981, was named Ambrose Swasey Professor of Physics. Dick made major research contributions in the areas of thin films and surface science. He focused on the origins of stress and its measurement in films. This research developed to embrace structures of critical importance to microelectronic applications, such as high-speed magnetic alloy memories. Recognizing that the current rapid expansion in thin-film and surface-science research would create a need for new and more formal organization structures and symposia, he started playing a key role in shaping the new technical divisions, research interests, chapter structure, and short-course activities of the American Vacuum Society (now AVS: The Science & Technology Society). In 1964, along with colleagues, he established the thin film division of AVS. This division quickly became the principal scientific organization in that field. In 1966, Dick cofounded the Gordon Conferences on Thin Films and was a principal organizer of the First International Conference on Thin Films, held in Boston in 1969. These conference series are still going strong and remain major events on the calendars of today’s leaders in the field.Dick, who was intrigued by the potential of emerging spectroscopic techniques for the analysis of surfaces and interfaces, quickly introduced those techniques to the Case campus during the 1970s. In particular, he used Mössbauer spectroscopy to characterize the magnetic properties of monolayers and for in situ structural probing of various electrode surfaces. In later work, extending between 1984 and early 1994, he played a significant role in the development of beam line X11A of the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory.In 1984, in collaboration with Martin Kordesch, Dick extended the application of x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) on X11A with an electron-yield detection scheme that operated at atmospheric pressure. In collaboration with other scientists, he also pioneered the use of in situ XAS to study the evolution of the electrode structure and oxidation state of operating aqueous electrochemical cells.During the 1990s, Dick continued teaching, conducting spectroscopy research, and remaining active in AVS thin-film and surface-science organizations, until his activities became increasingly limited by his illness.Over the course of his academic career, Dick was a thesis adviser and mentor for more than 50 graduate students. He stressed the importance of an intuitive approach to teaching and its relevance to emerging technology needs and career opportunities. In 1967, he received the Strosacker Award for Excellence in Teaching.Dick also was particularly active as a member and chairman or program chairman in the thin film, surface science, and applied surface science divisions of AVS. He was elected president of AVS in 1976 and was named an honorary member of the society in 1995.One of us (Lee) recalled an excursion along the C…O Canal, which runs from Washington, DC, to Cumberland, Maryland, that captured Dick’s character very well: Clearly bored by the gentle slope of the towpath, Dick began inspecting the steep, forested slope on the other side of the canal.“There must be a path up there,” he declared.An hour and a half later, sweaty, lacerated, and accompanied by two exhausted wives, we had determined that there was not.As with Dick’s science, in which he often did find a more interesting path, he had led us over unknown ground to show us vistas we would not otherwise have seen.Bird watching and hiking were Dick’s favorite pastimes. But most of all, canoeing, camping, and fishing trips with his family and friends in Quetico Provincial Park in Western Ontario, Canada, were highlights of his life. Richard Wagner Hoffman PPT|High resolution© 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Section I Processes in Natural Waters.- The Surface Chemistry of Humic Substances in Aquatic Systems.- Microbial Processes Occurring at Surfaces.- Photochemistry of Colloids and Surfaces in Natural Waters and Water Treatment.- Kinetics and Mechanisms of Iron Colloid Aggregation in Estuaries.- The Generation of Suspended Sediment in Rivers and Streams.- Application of the Uranium Decay Series to a Study of Ground Water Colloids.- Section II Water Treatment Processes.- Water Treatment Technology in Australia.- The Role of Surface and Colloid Chemistry in the SIROFLOC Process.- Coagulation and Flocculation - Destabilizing Practices? (With Particular Reference to Metal Ion Coagulants).- Enhanced Biological Removal of Phosphorus from Wastewater.- Some Effects of Dam Destratification upon Manganese Speciation.- Contributors.

Equilibrium in Solutions; Surface and Colloid Chemistry. By G. Scatchard. Pp. xxxv + 306. (Harvard University: Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, 1976.) £20.40.

Chapter 1 - Brief History of Colloid and Interface Chemistry and Basic Concepts

Magnetic behaviors near a surface, or an interface, of a magnetically ordered crystal are of great interest. Local magnetic moment of a surface atom, temperature dependence of surface magnetization and surface anisotropy are studied from 57Fe Mössbauer measurements. The results obtained by complementary means are briefly reviewed. The advantages and also limits of the Mössbauer spectroscopy as a tool for surface magnetic studies are discussed.

Surface and colloid chemistry principles impact many aspects of our daily lives, ranging from the cleaners and cosmetics we use to combustion engines and cement. Exploring the range of this field of study, Surface and Colloid Chemistry provides a detailed analysis of its principles and applications and demonstrates how they relate to natural phenom