From Archives to Artifacts: A Forensic Analysis of Noisy Data

Rapidly detecting and classifying malicious activity contained within network traffic is a challenging problem exacerbated by large datasets and functionally limited manual analysis tools. Even on a small network, manual analysis of network traffic is inefficient and extremely time consuming. Current machine processing techniques, while fast, suffer from an unacceptable percentage of false positives and false negatives. To complement both manual and automated analysis of network traffic, we applied information visualization techniques to appropriately and effectively bring the human into the analytic loop. This paper describes the implementation and lessons learned from the creation of a novel network traffic visualization system capable of both realtime and forensic data analysis. Combining the strength of link analysis using parallel coordinate plots with the time-sequence animation of scatter plots, we examine a 2D and 3D coordinated display that provides insight into both legitimate and malicious network activity. Our results indicate that analysts can rapidly examine network traffic and detect anomalies far more quickly than with manual tools.

The history of Brazilian social sciences has been continuously revisited, usually taking as an inaugural landmark the creation of the undergraduate courses in social sciences. Recognizing that the social sciences had different temporalities in the different regions of the country, and that their process of institutionalization occurred sometimes through classes in other undergraduate courses, this work seeks to bring an original contribution to the discussion for this area. The article focuses on the analysis of the first classes of social sciences (cultural anthropology and sociology) created at Faculdade Catarinense de Filosofia (Catarinense Faculty of Philosophy), an institution founded in the 1950’s in Florianopolis, through the “teaching reports” produced by the first professors of these classes. It is important to note the character of the formation of a cultural elite that the institution possessed, and the affinity of the discussions developed in this space with the intellectual debate of that time. Keywords: history of social sciences, teaching social science, cultural elite, higher education.

The history of the sciences has slowly given rise to the writing of the history of the social sciences. There are now professional associations for the history of the social sciences, dedicated journals in English, German, and French, and a growing body of monographs, taking various forms: individual biographies; studies of schools, institutions, generations, and subfields; international comparisons and transnational studies; and handbooks and edited collections like the present one. Yet one should not imagine that this is a well-established area of study. The emergence of the practice of studying the social sciences historically and sociologically was not the result of a quasi-natural evolutionary process but of a series of conceptual ruptures. These intellectual turning points have reconfigured approaches to writing the history of the social sciences. This chapter will use these turning points as a starting point for asking a set of historical, theoretical, and philosophical questions about writing on the history of social science. Specifically, I will ask: when and how did the history of social science emerge? How have historians and others explained the genesis, development, forms, and contents of the social sciences? What political, ethical, and meta-scientific goals have scholars pursued in writing the history of social science? What are the ultimate contributions, the promise, of this research?

My purpose here is simple—if not particularly lofty. I intend to characterize in general terms the activities that we engage in when we do social science history research, to describe somewhat abstractly how we conduct inquiry in social science history. This examination of our scholarly activities is provoked by several convictions: First, the philosophy of science—even an epistemology of social science history to the extent that there is one—is by and large not helpful to the conduct of inquiry. Second, the efforts in philosophy (and elsewhere) to conceptualize the conduct of inquiry in philosophy using examples from the physical sciences seem especially inapplicable to social science history. Third, when we do become self-conscious about what we are doing, we concentrate on methods and techniques of data collection and analysis and we create the impression that our scholarly research is fully described by technical decisions and activities.

This paper examines the relation of world-system analysis to the social sciences. The world-systems analysis is skeptical about the current state of the social sciences. In his view, disciplines as such have no place in the future. This is due to the crisis in the modern prevailing liberal ideology and the division of social sciences into an infinite number of new disciplines. In these circumstances, the world-systemists, as a way of survival, propose to combine the social sciences and create a single "historical social science". The work consists of two parts and a conclusion: the first part describes the history of the emergence of social sciences from the point of view of world-system analysis, and the second part examines three fundamental pillars of the transdisciplinary nature of world-system social science. The world-system analysis challenges the idiographic and nomotetic sciences, arguing that the concept of time is often interpreted incorrectly by them. The world-systemists abandon the principles of determinism and indeterminism, and rely on a probabilistic model. Also, within the framework of this approach, the principle of reversibility of time is denied and the "arrow of time" is promoted. An unconventional approach to time in world-system analysis is the basis for the formation of the need for transdisciplinary research. World-system analysis pays special attention to the concept of longue durée, which emphasizes patterns and structures, and is not limited to events. Accordingly, there is a need to study history on the principle of integrity, which in the terminology of the school of "Annals" is designated as total history. A holistic approach leads to the application of a variety of methods from different disciplines. In conclusion, the main critics of the current state of the social sciences are listed and the "historical social science" of world-system analysis is evaluated as an alternative to the "closed" disciplines of the humanities, social sciences and natural sciences.

This paper explores the place of Christian Wolff in the history of social science in English. The "Introduction" places Wolff in the context of the pre-history of modern social science. Samples are given of the great range of subjects on which he wrote. The importance of the German context is stressed. The second part is devoted to a sample of what the literature contains by and about Wolff. It emphasizes philosophy and science. Part three is a survey of works in the history of the social sciences that mention Wolff. He has a substantial place in political science and psychology, a much smaller place in economics and history, virtually none in anthropology, geography, and sociology. In the applied social sciences, he is found in the history of education. Possible reasons are given. Part four is devoted to the relationships of philosophy and philosophers in the pre-history of the social sciences. They were important in several different ways because they both shaped and reflected how many people thought about science and social problems. The “Summary and Conclusion” describes the present status. His contributions are summarized. He was a pivotal figure in the making of the German conception of social science. This is a preliminary study emphasizing the issues and problems that a more detailed examination would require. Several conventional judgments are challenged and possibilities for further research suggested.

A Second Look: "The Agenda for 'Social Science History'"

This article discusses historical and anthropological approaches to the life of social science. After presenting the thematic of social science concepts that figure as found object in cultural anthropology, this review briefly introduces the domain of history of social science (HSS). It then examines HSS studies that could enrich anthropological encounters with social science concepts, both methodologically and through the vivid social histories of relevant concepts, categories, and methods. I complement my review of these approaches in HSS with a discussion of anthropological studies of social science concepts. I review both the historical and the anthropological literature with the same key questions, focused on the analytical tools that each approach brings to the study of social science: what conditions of emergence of these social imaginaries are incorporated in the analyses, what contexts and processes relevant to their appropriation and travel are presented, and how these enquiries examine the effects on the worlds in which they circulate. In my conclusion, I point out how cultural anthropology can uniquely contribute to the domain of HSS.

In a recent article in Social Science History, Professor Alan Bogue, former president of the Association and one of its founding fathers, has reviewed the first ten years of SSHA. In it he presents from the constitution the major purpose of the Association as “improving ‘the quality of historical explanation in every manner possible, but particularly by encouraging the selective use and adaptation in historical research and teaching of relevant social science’” (Bogue, 1987: 336). In this paper, we review the first ten years of the Social Science History journal in the context of an association formed to promote social science applications to the analysis of historical data. One indicator of the success of this enterprise is the extent to which historians are applying social science methods. Another indicator is the involvement of non-historians in social science history.

Purpose: Forensic accounting reflects the application of investigative and analytical techniques for the purpose of resolving fraudulent practices. The purpose of the research was to examine the extent at which Forensic Accounting Techniques serves as a panacea for preventing Revenue Leakages in Federal Universities in Nigeria. 
 Methodology: Primary data were collected with the aid of research questionnaire and used in this study. The sample size of 238 respondents was determined from a census of targeted EFCC, internal audit staff of selected Nigerian Federal Universities. This study applied a statistical tool, which described and evaluated the relationships between Forensic accounting techniques and revenue leakages.
 Findings: The methodology shows that Forensic accounting data analysis techniques have positive effects on revenue leakages in Nigerian Federal Universities. This implies that a forensic data analysis technique can help in uncovering leakages of revenue in Nigerian Federal Universities. The implication is that when these technologies are applied, there would be drastic reduction in revenue leakages. From the findings, it was concluded that the application of forensic accounting techniques will help in preventing revenue leakages in Nigerian Federal Universities.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: On the basis of these findings and conclusion, it was recommended that forensic accounting data analysis and technology techniques should be employed in Nigerian Federal Universities to help them curb revenue leakages in the system. That will help to discover and analyse patterns of fraudulent activities and develop sorts of digital tools that would be found helpful in fighting economic and financial crimes within the system.
 Keywords: Forensic Accounting, Revenue Leakages, Frauds, Forensic Accounting Technologies

Social science studies about militancy in France have strongly evolved during the final half of the last century. This brief work, dedicated to the evolution of the modalities of analysis of militancy, aims at presenting an outline focused on the French case but open to Anglo-Saxon theories. It associates objects (types of militancy), researchers (types of researchers), paradigms (how to elaborate a problem) and methods (survey techniques) studied within relatively stabilized configurations during a relatively long period of time. Chronologically, four “configurations” can be distinguished for didactical purposes, although they are naturally intertwined. The first one, the “heroic” configuration, is focused on the worker activist, specially the communist militant. The second begins around 1975 and can be named as the “rewarded” militant configuration. The third configuration starts in France with the big strike movement of 1995 and could be called the “new militants” or, if preferred, the “distantiated militants” configuration. Finally, the fourth configuration characterizes itself by expanding the previous forms of militancy. It invites to fix the terms of a controlled comparison between the worker activist and the distantiated militant instead of opposing them. This last configuration also assumes new challenges: disengagement, militant lethargy, the consideration of both psychological and social mechanisms of disengagement, etc. Curiously, beyond its differences, these configurations remain comparable. Keywords : Engagement - militancy - social movements - history of social sciences - methodology.

Pressing at once upon questions of disciplinary specificity and substantive rearticulation, this paper examines the standards of reflexivity being brought to bear on an assessment of the practice of sociology (especially in India, but also elsewhere). The track pursued is primarily conceptual and methodological, and the same is further grafted onto a theme of a reflexive sociology of modernity. This recounting of the spaces and grounds of discipline and history alternates between contend ing conceptions of the matter and, implicated on the terrain of sociology per se, translates into a conception of the latter as regime. I take it that the very subject of our discussion is a translation and expres sion of the crisis that the discipline we practice and profess, namely, sociology, is currently undergoing. Also, that our choice of this subject is conditioned by the appearance of a conception of the discipline that, breaking with all previous modalities of inscription, makes sociology an intellectual-or, better still, logico-historical-creation. Contemporary agen das see in sociology a regime that is indissociable from a substantive conception of the ends of social science, and from a view, and an aim, of the type of modernity that corresponds to it. It is also easy to see that, whatever the philosophical or historical window dressing, a substantive conception of the discipline itself originates in the crisis of the imaginary significations that concern the idea of modernity and aims at covering over this ground by implicating all discussion about this idea in the 'cultural' (read 'institutional') form of the discipline, and, ultimately, even by suspending that reference. The deep-seated connection between this conception and what is problematically called 'historical social science' is quite manifest, and I will return to it. But let me begin at the beginning. I have designed a developmental sequence for this paper, which while working off extant formulations about sociology in India and sociology in general also grafts onto the theme of modernity per se as part of a

Like many other social science historians, since the late 1980s I have reflected on how postmodernist thinkers like Foucault and Derrida are useful for historians. In 1995 I taught a graduate course on the history of social history, and I looked back on the origins of the field through the eyes of my students who were intrigued with postmodernism. I realized that time has crept up on me. I barely noticed that this field that we developed over the years is no longer young but has come of age and is now part of the accepted canon, one of many subdisciplines. Indeed, my students thought of social science history in much the same way that social science historians viewed traditional political history, a field whose assumptions and perspectives should be critically analyzed, challenged, and revised. These students helped me to see postmodernist criticisms in a new light, not as a sharp break from social science history but rather as emerging at least in part from long-term developments within the field itself. The contributors to the debate on these pages see postmodernism in this way. In various ways, they contend that these challenges, poststructuralist and otherwise, can help us to see within social science history contradictions and tensions that result in both strengths and weaknesses. We can learn from postmodernism without accepting it uncritically; we can reevaluate materialist social history in light of new challenges without rejecting social science history's benefits.

(2006). Varieties of Scientific System: From Veblen to the Postmoderns. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 673-691.

My-Forensic-Loci-queries (MyFLq) framework for analysis of forensic STR data generated by massive parallel sequencing