Friendship as Sisterhood: Fanny Lewald and Therese von Bacheracht or Practicing Friendship Among Women

Capitalist Family Values: Gender, Work, and Corporate Culture at Boeing by Polly Reed Myers

her 2003 biography of Neale Wrapped in Rainbows, Valerie Boyd refers to Hurston as Zora throughout book. This gesture of familiarity, even intimacy, extends similar gestures reaching back to Alice Walker's acts of literary-filial devotion, chronicled in her 1975 Ms. magazine piece In Search of Neale Hurston, which helped resuscitate popular and critical interest in Hurston's life and works. Hurston's writings set stage for this intimate treatment, as she commonly employs a rhetoric of familiarity with her readers, from authorial I of her ethnographic Mules and Men (1935) to that of her autobiography, Dust Tracks on a Road (1942). (1) Furthermore, her expert and pioneering use of African American vernacular, what she termed the idiom--not dialect--of Negro (Hurston, Florida 910), obscures artifice of that endeavor, making it easy for readers to feel an unmediated access to author behind words of such novels as Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937). The dazzling vernacular of her personal correspondence, which Carla Kaplan has made widely available with publication of Neale Hurston: A Life in Letters (2002), has intensified this feeling of unmediated access. sum, a combination of narrative, ethnographic, epistolary, critical, and biographical discourses has produced Hurston as a literary historical figure with whom her audience feels an intimacy as familiar as vernacular with which she has been so strongly identified. However, an analysis of numerous institutional entanglements of Hurston's life and career reveals degree to which familiar, intimate, vernacular Hurston paradoxically emerges from conditions of textual production she often struggled against as a student, theatrical producer, performer, anthropologist, essayist, letter-writer, and novelist. Her posthumous reception and canonization continue to evade range of discursive stances she aimed to achieve with regard to questions of African diasporic vernacular culture. a characteristic analysis at intersection of biographical, ethnographic, and literary discourses, Francoise Lionnet-McCumber reads Hurston's mapping of African diasporic culture through an invocation of Isis as Hurston's symbolic alter-ego: 'Isis' is wanderer who conducts her research, establishes spatio-temporal connections among children of diaspora, and re-members scattered body of material so that siblings can again 'touch each other' (256). With her reliance on family metaphors (children and siblings), Lionnet-McCumber suggests that Hurston's writings keep it all in family, so to speak, an authentic African diasporic family circumscribed by folk The allusion to Isis, though, intimates problems with this reading: as a figure from ancient Egyptian religion, Isis belongs to a tradition claimed by European, Afrocentric, and Semitic origin stories (Colla 10-15). This historiographic overlap, which Hurston invoked throughout her career in representations of Moses to be discussed below, reflects her project of cultural geography in a way unintended by Lionnet-McCumber and other critics who narrowly construe Hurston's affiliation with African diasporic material. Renewed attention to same biographical, ethnographic, and literary terrain upon which such a critical position relies offers a more diversified portrait of Hurston's mapping of African diasporic culture, a mapping that relies on prolific transculturations as well as a or vernacular aesthetic crucially involved with textuality. Numerous institutions enable and constrain Hurston's multidisciplinary project of representing the idiom--not dialect--of Negro, from backstages of Broadway to backwoods jook joints, from literary patronage and academic fellowships to marketing departments of publishing houses. This essay traces how Hurston operates within multiple institutional, cultural, and formal processes of African diasporic cultural production in which vernacular modes of orality and textuality mutually constitute one another. …

The book deals with the study of functioning of Romance languages in sub-Saharan Africa, namely in the francophone and lusophone countries as well as Spanish-speaking Equatorial Guinea. It offers a detailed description of the sociolinguistic profile of this area, studies the state of the relationship between the Romance and local languages from a historic and modern perspective, analyzes the language politics in these African countries in the postcolonial period. A special emphasis is made on the issue of identity in the African states on the background of the process of decentrement of the geocultural spaces, the key mechanisms thereof being miscegenation and creolization. The literary discourse is regarded as the area of manifestation of the new postcolonial cultural matrix. It involves diverse speech and discursive strategies – those of indigenization and rhetoric modus. The monograph is based on the new illustrative material, that has not been subjected to a detailed research. The book may be used for teaching different disciplines such as linguistics, literary studies, ethnology, sociology, theory of communication, ethnolinguistics. It may be of interest to a large readership.

Discursive strategy is important in engaging users when an organization-wide strategic change, such as an enterprise system (ES), is introduced. Although some information system (IS) studies have suggested the use of discursive framing, little is known about how such framing is conducted. Hence, our study aims to conceptualize discursive framing strategies by taking into account user diversity. A qualitative case study of China's largest food conglomerate, with its diversified subsidiaries, is presented. Specifically, the pre-implementation phase of an ES implementation is examined. Based on a spatiotemporal analysis of the IS context that could give rise to user diversity, this paper makes two contributions. It addresses a gap in the literature by conceptualizing discursive framing strategies in managing user diversity during ES pre-implementation and it extends organizational discourse analysis through a spatiotemporal analysis of users’ IS context. We conclude with guidelines for managers to anticipate and overcome potential conflicts, and offer suggestions for future research.

In this article we argue that the scholarship on marriages and families provides invaluable insights into town-gown relationships. Marital typologies are used to generate insights into what happens between campus and community relationships over time, and a line of family scholarship provides some additional illumination about the ways in which institutions and municipalities can strike a healthy balance between meeting their idiosyncratic needs and pursuing shared goals and objectives. We use four case examples to illustrate the application of the typological structure, and these examples are followed by a discussion of implications for leadership on both sides of the town-gown relationship.

This article presents a step-by-step approach to working with family-generated metaphor in family therapy. Although the use of therapist-generated "therapeutic metaphors" has been widely advocated and practiced for many years now, less attention has been paid to the metaphors used by family members. We argue that the family's metaphors are a neglected linguistic resource in family therapy. Highlighting and validating these metaphors produces a therapeutic conversation in which the voices of family members are heard more clearly by the therapist, and the families' own imaginative energies are engaged in defining and pursuing the goals of therapy. Several case examples illustrate the use of this approach with children of various ages.

Reviewed by: Macho Ethics: Masculinity and Self-Representation in Latino-Caribbean Narrative by Jason Cortés Carlos Ulises Decena Cortés, Jason. Macho Ethics: Masculinity and Self-Representation in Latino-Caribbean Narrative. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, 2015. 145 pp. The project of Macho Ethics: Masculinity and Self-Representation in Latino-Caribbean Narrative is to interrogate the complicities that suture authorship to heteronormativity and power in historical and contemporary Caribbean and US Latino literatures. As an examination of a structure generally rendered invisible, this study focuses on male authors who assert their own authority as well as destabilize normative masculinity in Puerto Rican, Cuban, and Dominican insular and transnational histories and archives. “These writers and their avatars within the story,” Cortés explains, “face an ethical conflict that demands either a response … to these authorial genealogies or an acknowledgment of their own complicity with power and violence” (1). The texts in question—Edgardo Rodríguez Juliá’s 1981 Las tribulaciones de Jonás and the 1983 El entierro de Cortijo, Severo Sarduy’s 1984 Colibrí, Luis Rafael Sánchez’s 1988 La importancia de llamarse Daniel Santos and Junot Díaz’s 2007 The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao—share a concern with the intimacies of the figure of the macho with that of the dictator and the author. Cortés proposes an “ethical criticism” of these texts—informed by the work of Jacques Derrida, Emmanuel Levinas, and Aníbal González-Pérez—which can “consider and explicate the implications of the presence of violence, responsibility, and the Other in literary discourse” (8). There is much to recommend in this study, but what remains of this review will move through one moment of Cortés’ reading of La importancia de llamarse Daniel Santos to underline ethical dilemmas, complicities, and entanglements that recur throughout the book. In the chapter titled, “The Sentimental Education,” Cortés prefaces his discussion of Daniel Santos by highlighting how central the engagement with discourses of masculinity has been to Sánchez’s oeuvre. Cortés then moves to discuss a construction of the figure of the Puerto Rican macho as a response to the “anxiety of colonial inferiority that is experienced as the threat of feminization. Machismo functions as a compensation mechanism of sorts, albeit denigrating, to claim masculine authority” (82–83). It becomes evident, as Cortés argues, that what appears at first as Sánchez’s critique of the figure of “macho” Daniel Santos ultimately reveals the ethical challenges spawned by the uncomfortable intimacy and proximity of the position of the narrator with the gaze of very object of his critique. “The voyeuristic perversion” illustrated in the scene where Sánchez’s narrator describes an orgy among a group of teenagers “underscores the ethical ambivalence inherent in the writing process, and therefore, in the figure of the author” (91). Cortés describes what Sánchez does in this scene as a risk, to the degree that the act of writing becomes a tangled effort to issue a critique of the figure of the macho while exercising authority in the problematic ways associated with normative masculinity. The risk of becoming precisely that which the author critiques is revisited in the other works explored in Macho Ethics through historically and theoretically informed discussions and close readings. In each of these case studies, Cortés makes evident the specificity of the challenges and complicities illustrated by the texts he [End Page 195] studies. Nevertheless and as he concludes, “a particular continuity, perhaps the most pervasive, has been the apparent complicity of the authorial figure with the violence of authoritarian regimes of power and systems of oppression” (127). This conclusion is compelling and revealing in the case of all of these authors to the degree that they have been and continue to be challenging of the status quo and of the normativities they explore in their fictions. But could the pursuit of the figure of the literary author as “rebel without a cause” be precisely the performative required to join the pantheon of male letrados? Might this ethical quandary be different if women and women’s bodies were at the center at the narrative? Although Cortés notes...

Workplaces constitute sites where individuals “do gender” while at the same time constructing their professional identities and meeting their organisation’s expectations. In most workplaces, a rather narrow range of masculine styles of interaction are considered normative. Discursive strategies associated with stereotypically masculine speech styles, as well as behaviours associated with the enactment of hegemonic masculinity are generally viewed as paradigmatic ways of interacting at work. Drawing on data recorded in a range of New Zealand professional organizations, this chapter investigates a range of ways in which normative masculinity is manifested in participants’ discourse, and how notions of masculinity are explored and exploited in workplace interactions. The investigation focuses on one particularly versatile discursive strategy frequently employed in talk at work, namely humor.

Teachers’ discursive behaviors play an essential role in guided book reading activities to support students’ language and literacy development, as well as their establishment of reader identities. However, previous studies of guided book reading in teacher/student interactions focused on the teacher’s discursive strategies in a student’s first language (L1) learning. It is still unknown what discursive strategies second language (L2) teachers use in conducting guided book reading in L2. Guided by Lantolf’s sociocultural theory, this case study used a third-grade Chinese classroom as an example to examine and analyze a Chinese teacher’s discursive behaviors when she was conducting guided book reading across two text genres. It was found that the teacher had more interactions with students in reading narrative books and similar discursive strategies were used across two genres. In addition, it was found that the teacher selected her discursive strategies based on varying pedagogical purposes while reading in both genres. The findings of this study provide information on the pattern of the discursive strategies used for guided book reading activities in Chinese-as-an-additional-language classrooms and shed light on reading instruction of Chinese as an additional language.

제도 혁신가(institutional entrepreneur)란 자신의 이해관계를 실현하기 위해 기존 제도를 변화시키거나 새로운 제도를 창조하는 행위자를 가리킨다. 지난 연구들은 그동안 제도 혁신가가 구사하는 담론전략에 초점을 맞추어 왔다. 지금까지 일정한 연구 성과들이 축적되어 왔지만, 과연 제도 혁신가의 담론전략이 온전히 규명되었는지는 의심의 여지가 있다. 이제까지의 연구들은 제도 혁신가가 이중의 모순된 요구를 충족시켜야 한다는 것에 주목하지 못했다. 제도 혁신가는 그 정의상 기존 제도를 변화시켜야 하지만, 그 역시도 다른 행위자와 마찬가지로 조직 장에 배태된 이상 기존 제도에 순응해야 한다. 기존 연구들은 오직 전자에만 초점을 맞추었는데, 이는 지나치게 행위자의 자율성만을 부각한 일면적인 관점이라 하지 않을 수 없다. 본 연구는 이러한 기존 연구들의 한계를 극복하기 위해, 어떻게 제도 혁신가가 두 가지 모순적인 요구를 모두 충족시키는 담론전략을 구사할 수 있는지를 규명하고자 했다. 본 연구는 청년유니온의 사례에 주목했다. 청년유니온은 청년 실업자와 구직자까지 가입대상으로 하는 노동조합이라는 점에서 한국의 노사관계 제도와 충돌할 수밖에 없었고, 따라서 제도 혁신의 활동을 통해서만 적법한 노조가 될 수 있었다. 본 연구는 청년유니온이 구사한 담론전략을 파악하기 위해서 청년유니온이 생산한 텍스트와 활동가들의 심층면접 자료를 수집하고 분석했다. 분석 결과, 청년유니온의 담론전략은 크게 제도의 비판 및 변화와 준수라는 세 유형으로 구분할 수 있었는데, 이는 조직 장에 배태된 행위자로서 제도 혁신가의 존재론적 역설이 반영된 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 토론에서는 청년유니온의 담론전략이 어떻게 제도의 유지와 변화라는 모순된 요구를 달성했는가를 상세하게 논한다.Institutional entrepreneurs refer to the actors who change existing institutions to promote their own interests. Previous studies have focused on the discursive acts used by institutional entrepreneurs. While some research achievements have been accumulated in recent years, it is doubtful whether the entire body of discursive strategies has been identified. Past studies have not yet acknowl-edged that institutional entrepreneurs must meet dual contradictory demands; by definition, they must not only change the existing institutions but also, like any other incumbents embedded in the field, must conform to these existing institutions. Studies to date have focused only on how institutional entrepreneurs change the institutions and, thus, have placed too much emphasis on actors’ agency. To overcome the limitations of existing studies, the present study tried to show how institutional entrepreneurs employ discursive strategies to meet both contradictory demands. For this, a case study was conducted of the Youth Community Union. This study analyzed texts produced by union activists and in-depth interview scripts conducted with union officials. In doing so, it was found that the Youth Community Union’s discursive strategies are largely divided into three types: criticism of, change of, and compliance to existing institutions. These discursive strategies reflect the existential paradox of institutional entrepreneurs as embedded agencies. Furthermore, in the dis-cussion section, this study explains how the Youth Community Union’s dis-cursive strategies satisfy the contradictory demands of maintaining and changing the institutions.

This research examines how racism is hidden and denied by the press, and how blame is attributed to individuals in crime news stories. This research heavily relies of van Dijk's (2015) six discursive strategies to reveal how racism is hidden and denied in the press: positive self-presentation, denial and counter-attack, moral blackmail, subtle denials, mitigation, and defense and offense. Specifically, the Chapel Hill shooting is used as an example of a crime news story for my case study. This study will use framing as the primary method, and critical discourse analysis will be used to guide my interpretations of the frames. Frames are defined by Entman (1993) as texts that select "some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient" in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described. I will examine words and phrases used when referring to the perpetrator and the victims in the crime story, and examine manifest frames. I begin by explicating terms that my research is founded upon: ideology, critical discourse analysis, race and racism, blame, and framing. Newspaper articles are collected and analyzed for van Dijk's six discursive strategies. The difference between national and regional news coverage is also examined. My findings suggest there are two gaps in van Dijk's six discursive strategies. I propose the addition of two discursive strategies that the press use to deny racism: negative self-presentation and contradiction.

Although metaphor is commonly recognized as an important force in public discourse, this article argues that a subtle shift in metaphor is part of what can create the inventional possibilities for legal change. This article focuses on subtle shifts in judicial appeals to coverture, which were an important part of the struggle for nineteenth-century women's rights. Coverture was the concept in which women were legally and politically “covered” by the male head of household. This article argues that changes in coverture were enabled through a subtle shift in legal language, where the metaphor of family-as-government came to be replaced by the metaphor of government-as-family. This movement is traced through the case studies of spousal abuse law, child custody law, and juvenile court.

This article focuses on Anna Wahlenberg, one of the Swedish women writers of the so-called Åttiotalsgenerationen [the (18)80s generation], a category established in Swedish literary historiography that refers to the young writers who, inspired by August Strindberg and the Modern Breakthrough, used literature as a platform for social criticism, and who proliferated during the 1880s. Like most women included in that group, Wahlenberg has been erased from the literary canon and from history. This article focuses on the discursive strategies that effected her systematic erasure from literary discourse in the context of a pervasive gender ideology. I will, accordingly, view literary history, definitions, genres, epochs, evaluations, and methods as they pertain to female authors with skepticism and suspicion, and see them as “products of long-term temporal chains of censorious events.” In re-reading Wahlenberg’s work in historical contexts rather than through the lens of established literary criticism and its imposition of generic structures, and in evaluating how she negotiated imposed regulating structures, I seek to break those “historiographic chains of silencing events” (Lindh Estelle 2023: 28).

O dizer do outro está presente em nosso cotidiano, nas falas comuns, na mídia e de modo especial no discurso literário. Nesse contexto e sob uma ótica polifônica bakhtiniana (1981, 1992), este artigo tem o objetivo de compreender como o discurso do outro, mostrado ou constitutivo, segundo Authier-Revuz (1982, 1998), manifesta-se no dizer literário. Selecionamos, então, três crônicas publicadas em um jornal de circulação estadual no Rio Grande do Sul e investigamos o funcionamento das estratégias linguístico-discursivas que mostram ou encobrem a fala do outro, produzindo efeitos de sentido nos textos analisados. Buscamos entender os diferentes usos dos discursos direto, indireto e indireto livre, e também de outros indicadores, relacionando-os com o dizer do narrador que ora aproxima-se, ora afasta-se da voz alheia, dependendo do efeito de sentido almejado.

The present study sought to examine how linguistic devices and discursive strategies used in Kenya’s Citizen TV ads which pattern men and women differently according to gender well-being. This thereby results in unconscious rationalisations of social constructions. Using observation as the main tool of data collection, a corpus of fourteen adverts sourced from one mainstream media station, Citizen TV were purposively sampled, observed by the researcher, transcribed into data, coded, then thematically analysed using techniques of content analysis. Guided by Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis theory which provided the framework for analysis, the study adopted a qualitative, case study research design. The research design provided in-depth information about the phenomenon in order to establish the discursive and linguistic strategies used in the TV ads and how they mirror society’s system of values, attitudes and beliefs about men and women. The findings of this study indicated that gender ideologies that affect how meaning is made out of Kenyan TV ads were embedded in linguistic structures, social processes and manoeuvres.