Abstract
The modern electric power system is foreseen to have increased penetration of controllable loads under demand response programs and renewable energy resources coupled with energy storage systems which can provide virtual inertia. In this paper, the conventional model of an electric power system is appended by considering, individually and collaboratively, the role of demand response and virtual inertia for the purpose of frequency analysis and control. Most existing literature on this topic either considers one of these two roles or lacks in providing a general model of power system with demand response and virtual inertia. The proposed model is presented in general form and can include/exclude demand response and/or virtual inertia. Further, power system operator can opt the power shares from conventional, demand response, and virtual inertia loops for frequency regulation and can also evaluate the impact of other parameters such as time delays and frequency deadbands on system frequency response. The mathematical formulation of steady-state values of frequency deviation and power contribution from all resources is provided and validated by simulation results under various scenarios including a case of wind intermittency.
Highlights
The frequency profile of an electric power system is among the fundamental indicators of the system’s stability and security
The proposed model maintains the general form of a single-area power system model where the absence of demand response (DR) and virtual synchronous generator (VSG) will result in the traditional frequency control model
Several simulations were performed to analyze the effects of load disturbance on the system frequency response considering various parameters such as control share of DR and VSG, delay times, and frequency deadbands
Summary
The frequency profile of an electric power system is among the fundamental indicators of the system’s stability and security. The modern power system will have increased penetration of renewable energy systems (RES), generally coupled with energy storage systems (ESS), and a significant portion of curtailable loads [2] These responsive loads and ESS have great potential to balance the grid power and have advantages over conventional methods. A way to stabilize an RES-integrated grid is to deliver the inertia virtually For this purpose, ESS-like batteries are utilized in coordination with power electronics-based converters and a control system. ESS-like batteries are utilized in coordination with power electronics-based converters and a control system In this way, a significant share of RES in power grids can be realized without compromising system’s reliable and stable operation.
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