Abstract
The pixel size of a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera plays a major role in the image resolution, and the square pixels are attributed to the physical anisotropy of the sampling frequency. We synthesize the high sampling frequency directions from multiple frames acquired with different angles to enhance the resolution by 1.4 × over conventional CCD orthogonal sampling. To directly demonstrate the improvement of frequency-domain diagonal extension (FDDE) microscopy, lens-free microscopy is used, as its resolution is dominantly determined by the pixel size. We demonstrate the resolution enhancement with a mouse skin histological specimen and a clinical blood smear sample. Further, FDDE is extended to lens-based photography with an ISO 12233 resolution target. This method paves a new way for enhancing the image resolution for a variety of imaging techniques in which the resolution is primarily limited by the sampling pixel size, for example, microscopy, photography, and spectroscopy.
Highlights
The charge-coupled device (CCD) has revolutionized imaging in the digital era.[1]
frequency-domain diagonal extension (FDDE) can be applied to enhance the resolution of lens-based photography as well, when the resolution is limited by the pixel size
Another merit is that the resolution enhancement can be further improved by a smaller pixel size
Summary
The charge-coupled device (CCD) has revolutionized imaging in the digital era.[1]. In microscopy and photography, a lens is typically employed to translate the object of an image to be captured by the CCD or the CMOS sensor. Jiang et al.: Frequency-domain diagonal extension imaging as well as multiangle illumination achieved with a tunable wavelength semiconductor laser source and a volume phase grating.[27] On the other hand, no lateral resolution substantially higher than the size of a pixel with a single imaging exposure has been reported. By exploiting the nonsymmetry of the frequency domain, we propose frequency-domain diagonal extension (FDDE) microscopy in which the resolution can be improved to a 0.7× pixel size, even in one snapshot, through sampling in the diagonal direction. Through a combination of multiple frequency components from different angles, a super-resolution image with isotropic resolution can be achieved, similar to the frequency-domain image processing procedure of SIM.[4,8] The resolution enhancement of FDDE is demonstrated experimentally with a mouse skin specimen and a clinical blood smear sample. We extended FDDE to conventional photography using an ISO 12233 resolution target
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