Abstract
Globally, prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality (babies in the first four weeks of life) and now the second leading cause of mortality after pneumonia in children under age five. The neonatal gut microbial colonization is crucial in the human life cycle. Placental microbiota transmits from the gut microbiota plays a significant role in association with kinship. Simultaneously, this transition is being made from mother to infant. This comparative study explored the diversity of microbiota associated with term and preterm neonates by evaluating the placental samples. The study found that 16/68 (23.5%) full-term placental samples were positive for S. aureus; on the other hand, 4/16 (25%) preterm placental samples confirmed culture growth for S. aureus. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns showed that Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates from both types of samples were resistant to Ofloxacin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Oxacillin, and Cefoxitin. However, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) detection was 43.75% in full-term and 75% in preterm placental samples. Moreover, two isolates were positive for both mecA and PVL virulent genes, and the rest were positive only for the mecA gene. Interestingly few isolates lacked both characteristic MRSA genes, mecA and PVL. Notably, resistances were more inclined towards preterm samples for antimicrobial susceptibility and MRSA screening. It may be concluded that there is a significant presence of S. aureus in the placenta of mothers with term and preterm deliveries which might be responsible for preterm deliveries. Therefore, judicious use of antibiotics during pregnancies may help prevent preterm births.
Highlights
A total of 68 full-terms and 16 preterm placental samples were collected with the mean age of (32 ± 6 years) and (28 ± 5 years), respectively
We observed that 04 and 16 samples were positive for S. aureus from the placenta of preterm and full-term patients, respectively, as shown in Table 1 and Figure 1
This study demonstrated the prevalence of potentially pathogenic S. aureus isolates from the placenta of mothers with term and preterm deliveries
Summary
Limited data suggest how the microbiota is being shaped over time with the crucial outcome of term and preterm deliveries. The microbiota has been a vital player in health and disease states, including nutrient acquisition, immune modeling, and subsequent protection from microbial colonization [1,2]. The role of microbiota in term and preterm birth is poorly understood. Based on the previous literature, infections and associated inflammation are the vital cause of spontaneous preterm deliveries [4]. These are the most common bacterial infections rising to the amniotic cavity from the vagina and cervix [5]
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