Abstract
BackgroundIn developing countries like Pakistan, treatment is mediated by private and public healthcare setups with a limited budget for health facilities. Moreover, the inappropriate use of treadmill tests imposes a burden on healthcare resources and leads to unwarranted interventions. Our aim is to assess the prevalence and predictors of inappropriate referrals for the exercise tolerance test (ETT) to diagnose coronary artery disease (CAD) while taking public and private healthcare settings into consideration.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted to find the prevalence of the inappropriate use of ETT to diagnose obstructive CAD and to determine the factors responsible for it. A total of 264 patients were enrolled from outpatient departments in Karachi. The inclusion criterion was the referral of treadmill testing for the diagnosis of CAT. The analysis was performed by logistic regression models to ascertain independent predictors of inappropriate use.ResultsExercise stress tests were found to be inappropriate in 209 (79%) patients. The study indicated that the majority of patients had a low or very low pre-test probability of CAD. Diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were less frequent in the inappropriate as compared to the appropriate referrals (10%, 45%, and 16% versus 20%, 69%, and 32%). Both public and private sectors showed a high prevalence of inappropriate testing, but it was much higher in the latter (27% versus 73%, P < 0.001). In all regression models, the private healthcare system was the major independent predictor for inappropriate indications of ETT with an average odds ratio of 4.9 (P < 0.001).ConclusionThe high prevalence of ETT referrals was found for the diagnosis of CAD. This result was consistent with both public and private healthcare systems, but it was considerably higher in private setups. Comorbidities, number of risk factors, and cardiovascular risk were not associated with the inappropriate use of ETT.
Highlights
The exercise treadmill stress test, a noninvasive diagnostic test, is performed for the identification and prompt management of coronary artery disease (CAD) [1]
A cross-sectional study was conducted to find the prevalence of the inappropriate use of exercise tolerance test (ETT) to diagnose obstructive CAD and to determine the factors responsible for it
The cardiovascular (CV) risk was determined by considering the risk prognosis guidelines of World Health Organization (WHO), which consisted of age, sex, blood pressure (BP), diabetes, and smoking status of the subject [9]
Summary
The exercise treadmill stress test, a noninvasive diagnostic test, is performed for the identification and prompt management of coronary artery disease (CAD) [1]. Diagnosing ischemic response in asymptomatic patients with CAD has failed to yield beneficial results [3]. Since it is available and affordable by the masses, it is susceptible to overuse in healthcare setups. It is anticipated that this overuse may yield over-diagnosis and over-treatment of CAD [4,5]. Our aim is to assess the prevalence and predictors of inappropriate referrals for the exercise tolerance test (ETT) to diagnose coronary artery disease (CAD) while taking public and private healthcare settings into consideration
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