French Steel and the Metal-Working Industries: A Contribution to Debate on Economic Development in Nineteenth-Century France

Abstract

ing nineteenth-century economic history, and in particular Cameron's and Freedeman's French Economic Growth; a Radical Revision (1983, see also Roehl, 1976 and O'Brien and Keyder, 1978 and the critical response of Locke, 1981 and Crafts, 1984). It questions the latter's criteria for the perception of economic development or retardation and challenges revisionist affirmations concerning the role of entrepreneurial attitudes in the achievement of industrialization in France. The problems raised by the revisionist interpretation appear clearly with respect to the history of the steel industry. The principal steel producers' dynamism and technically progressive attitudes, which the authors cite to demonstrate the irrelevance of sociocultural hypotheses concerning industrial retardation, represented only one component of the ferrous industrial scene. Sociocultural factors beyond the steel firms' control, together with poor financial conditions and the economic geography of France outweighed entrepreneurial dynamism as determinants of the industry's overall performance in the later nineteenth century, chiefly by their inhibiting effect on per capita steel consumption.