Abstract
ABSTRACT Context: Chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) is a frequent condition among Canadians. The psychosocial and economic costs of CNCP for individuals, their families, and society are substantial. Though opioid therapy is often used to manage CNCP, it is also associated with risks of misuse. The Opioid Compliance Checklist (OCC) was developed to monitor opioid misuse in patients taking opioids for CNCP. The objective of the present study was to provide a French-Canadian translation of the eight-item OCC, the OCC-FC. Methods: The eight-item OCC was translated for use in Québec using published guidelines for the translation and adaptation of self-report measures, including an expert committee and a double forward–backward translation process. A pretest of the adapted eight-item OCC was also conducted among 30 patients with CNCP. Results: A French-Canadian version of the OCC was generated. When ambiguity in the items was detected during expert committee consultation or pretest administration, modifications made were kept to a strict minimum to facilitate future comparisons across studies using the original English and translated French-Canadian version. Discussion: This study provides a culturally adapted tool that will contribute to identifying French-Canadian patients with CNCP who misuse opioids over the course of opioid therapy. This translation of the OCC has the strong potential to be useful in research and clinical settings.
Highlights
Chronic pain is defined as persistent or recurrent pain lasting longer than 3 months.[1]
Though this report lists existing successful pain strategies that have been implemented across the country, it highlights the need for better care and treatment for the many Canadians living with chronic noncancer pain (CNCP).[2]
In 2015, a systematic review by Chou and colleagues pointed out the increased risks for overdose, fractures, and myocardial infarction associated with opioid therapy for CNCP.[7]
Summary
Chronic pain is defined as persistent or recurrent pain lasting longer than 3 months.[1]. Among the tools in the therapeutic arsenal of CNCP management is opioid therapy.[4] Long-term opioid therapy (i.e., opioid use lasting longer than 90 days) is increasingly used in the treatment of CNCP in First World countries,[5] and in Quebec, long-acting opioids are increasingly prescribed, whereas prescriptions of shortacting opioids are on the decline.[6] In 2015, a systematic review by Chou and colleagues pointed out the increased risks for overdose, fractures, and myocardial infarction associated with opioid therapy for CNCP.[7] Most recently, a systematic review conducted by Bialas and colleagues showed that long-term opioid therapy may be beneficial for carefully selected patients presenting with chronic low back pain, diabetic polyneuropathy, and osteoarthritis pain.[8] the substantial benefits of long-term opioid therapy for CNCP have been associated with potential risks, including misuse (i.e., the use of opioids contrary to the directed or prescribed pattern of use), with rates averaging between 21% and 29%.9. The substantial benefits of long-term opioid therapy for CNCP have been associated with potential risks, including misuse (i.e., the use of opioids contrary to the directed or prescribed pattern of use), with rates averaging between 21% and 29%.9 Given this fine balance between optimal pain relief and minimization of opioid-related harms, access to validated tools is critical to monitoring opioid misuse among patients with CNCP over the course of long-term opioid therapy
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