Freight Traffic Distribution Under Conditions of Limited Capacity of Railway Sections

Purpose. To improve the distribution methods of freight flows on the railway network under conditions of capacity constraints. Methodology. Methods of railway operation theory and operations research were used. The problem of cargo flow distribution on the railway network was solved as a multi-product (interchangeable cargoes) transport linear programming problem with capacity constraints in the network form. The average cost of freight transportation is established by the methods of probability theory. Findings. In the course of the research the methods of cargo traffic calculation on the railway network are improved. The proposed approach to the formalisation of the task makes it possible to take into account the presence of different cargoes to be transported, capacity constraints of some railway network sections, as well as non-linear nature of dependence between the volume and cost of transportation. To meet the requirement of consignors equal access to public carrier services, the method for calculating the cost of transportation for an individual consignor is improved. Originality. Scientific novelty of the paper consists in improvement of methods of cargo traffic distribution on the railway network and tariffing of cargo transportation services in conditions of restricted supply capacity of separate sections. Practical value. The extractive industries have a steady flow of goods. The main logistic tasks in this case are to ensure transportation of the given volume of cargo and reduce the cost of transport services. Using the proposed mathematical methods of optimization allows you to get higher-quality solutions compared to the method of technical-economic comparison of options, which provides an overall cost reduction for cargo transportation. The improved method of tariffication of transportation can reasonably allocate the savings from reducing the cost of transportation among cargo consignors and thus reduce their logistics costs.

This paper reports on commuters’ perceptions of bus and mini bus taxi service using an alternate to the most popular and commonly used service quality (SERVQUAL) instrument, namely The regional estuarine and coastal systems of the Americas (RECSA). From face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire to survey a convenience sample of 690 commuters at specifically selected mini-bus taxi and bus ranks using a commuter intercept survey, it was ascertained that overall the perceived quality of public bus transport services exceeded that of minibus taxis, despite the minibus taxis being the dominant mode of public transport. All the RECSA dimensions of transport service quality influenced the respondents’ perception of public bus service quality, whereas only three, namely reliability, affordability and extent of the service, influenced their perception of the minibus taxis service quality. To improve public road transport service quality, service providers should among others, implement scheduling systems to improve the punctuality of the service, invest in communication systems, introduce a comfort rating system, improve the arrival times at destinations and reduce journey length. They should also improve the condition of the minibus taxi shelters, increase the frequency of the service on certain routes especially during peak periods on weekdays, take commuters closer to their destination through modal integration and elimination of transfers, improve commuter safety, more especially by changing driver behaviour through focused safety and driver training programmes, and improve affordability and provide value for money service. The findings could also serve to inform public transport policy makers and providers, since a public transportation model and policy based on improving the perceived service dimensions is likely to increase the demand for public bus and minibus taxi transport and, reduce the use of private motor cars, thereby addressing the public road transport conundrum in Johannesburg in particular, and South Africa in general. Key words: Public transport service, minibus taxi service, public bus service transport service quality.

it is time for both central and regional governments to develop tourist public transportation in Toba and surrounding areas more seriously to improve accessibility and mobility and affordability of travel costs in the region. This can be done by revitalizing the existing public transportation route to be transformed into a public transport route. Based on survey results of public transport users for tourist destinations the number is relatively moderate ie between 2-55% of the total passengers transported at the time of the survey. Recorded only from the Terminal shadow Simpang Pos to Brastagi City, Tongging and Paropo and Terminal Siantar to Parapat, Sidamanik and Tiga Ras indicating the existence of passengers with tourist destination. Based on survey results, only public transportation to Berastagi has Load Factor above 100% that is 124%, so it needs to increase the number of its fleet from 18 units to 24 units. Aspects of public transport services assessed include: travel time, waiting time, ease of getting tickets, seat availability, seating comfort and freedom of movement, stopping / terminals, security during travel, travel safety, route info / public transportation routes and complaint media / complaints about service. The survey was conducted on 255 respondents with the aim to see the perception of passengers on public transport services. From the general survey results for all aspects of public transport services assessed, the perception of passengers on public transport services / tours is still in the good category of 49.29%. However, it does not mean that public transport services / tours that are all there are good because passengers who assess public transport services / tours bad and very bad is also quite a lot in the average that is 1.76% and 7.41%. it is time for both central and regional governments to develop tourist public transportation in Toba and surrounding areas more seriously to improve accessibility and mobility and affordability of travel costs in the region. This can be done by revitalizing the existing public transportation route to be transformed into a public transport route. Based on survey results of public transport users for tourist destinations the number is relatively moderate ie between 2-55% of the total passengers transported at the time of the survey. Recorded only from the Terminal shadow Simpang Pos to Brastagi City, Tongging and Paropo and Terminal Siantar to Parapat, Sidamanik and Tiga Ras indicating the existence of passengers with tourist destination. Based on survey results, only public transportation to Berastagi has Load Factor above 100% that is 124%, so it needs to increase the number of its fleet from 18 units to 24 units. Aspects of public transport services assessed include: travel time, waiting time, ease of getting tickets, seat availability, seating comfort and freedom of movement, stopping / terminals, security during travel, travel safety, route info / public transportation routes and complaint media / complaints about service. The survey was conducted on 255 respondents with the aim to see the perception of passengers on public transport services. From the general survey results for all aspects of public transport services assessed, the perception of passengers on public transport services / tours is still in the good category of 49.29%. However, it does not mean that public transport services / tours that are all there are good because passengers who assess public transport services / tours bad and very bad is also quite a lot in the average that is 1.76% and 7.41%. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Table Normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}

This research is motivated by one of the choices of public transportation modes in East Jakarta is Damri Bus. The existence of Damri public bus transportation is expected to meet the mobility needs of people in East Jakarta and reduce congestion by integrating several urban transportation lines into one Damri bus line. The purpose of this study was to determine how the level of safety and efficiency affects public transportation services in East Jakarta (Damri). The method used in the research is quantitative research. The results of the study using SPSS 26. Shows that the level of safety has a significant and influential effect on land public transportation services (Damri) in East Jakarta. Efficiency has a significant and significant effect on public land transportation (Damri) in East Jakarta. The level of safety and efficiency has a significant effect on public land transportation services (Damri) in East Jakarta. This approach is relevant to evaluate Damri's contribution to improving the quality of public transportation as well as the safety of passengers and other road users.

Effectiveness of public transport (PT) is profoundly shaped by passenger overcrowding and service capacity constraints, especially in high-demand urban areas. Their consequences are often underestimated though in strategic transport modelling and appraisal. This study presents a comparative analysis of macroscopic PT assignment models with ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ capacity constraints’ algorithms. Their case-study application in the Krakow city (Poland) reveals much greater implications of a new rail corridor, as compared to the non-capacitated PT assignment: ca. 2 - 4 times higher train modal share, 50% greater PT network throughput, and extra travel welfare savings of 5-100k EUR per peak hour. Thus, both PT capacity-constrained algorithms project greater benefits of the new PT investment, albeit with substantially different outputs. Conclusions and recommendations for (more plausible) strategic planning of urban PT services are emphasized in the end part of this paper.

In free market conditions, if public passenger transport services are commercially unprofitable, there will be no interest for transport companies to perform them. However, directly because of the citizens’ interests, on the one hand, and indirectly because of the economy, passenger public transport services have become of a general public interest. The authorities must prepare appropriate legal fair market conditions, based on which public transport will be subsidized and conducted. In order to achieve that, for the mutual benefit of the public, users and transport companies, it is necessary that the right Public Service Obligation Model (PSO model or in some literature PCS—Public Service Compensation) be defined. Within this study, the optimal approach to assigning a PSC contract to transport companies for performing the PSO in integrated and regular public passenger transport systems is determined. A novel model, presented in this paper, can help national, regional and local authorities to choose and determine the way and level of PSCs for conducting the public transport of passengers and establishing a sustainable public passenger transport system.

The article considers the ways of introducing state supervision over the quality of public passenger transport services, in accordance with the provisions of the “National Transport Strategy of Ukraine for the period until 2030”, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated December 27, 2024 No. 1550 [1], in order to approximate the requirements of the transport legislation of Ukraine to the requirements of the EU. In accordance with the provisions of the Strategy [1], today the transport industry of Ukraine as a whole satisfies only the basic needs of the population and the economy in terms of volume, but not in quality. The current state of the transport industry does not fully meet the requirements for the effective implementation of Ukraine’s European integration course and the integration of the national transport network into the Trans-European Transport Network. The introduction of state supervision over the quality of public passenger transport services will contribute to the gradual integration of Ukraine into the EU internal market not only by improving the quality of public transport services in transport, but also by effectively implementing administrative reform, combating corruption, transparency of decision-making, clear delineation of functions and distribution of powers between executive authorities and business entities, ensuring the creation of equal conditions for the provision of public transport services transport services. In order to implement effective state supervision over the quality of public passenger transport services, in accordance with the provisions of the Strategy, it is necessary to develop and implement a mechanism of market surveillance (control) over the quality of their provision on the basis of the requirements of standards that establish criteria for the quality of public passenger transport services. State supervision over the quality of public passenger transport services will contribute to the approximation of the requirements of the transport legislation of Ukraine to the requirements of the EU. Keywords: quality, services, public passenger transport, state supervision, national transport strategy, EU, key directions, problems, ways of development.

In the absence of a decent, efficient and economical public transportation service, it can be an obstacle for people, especially tourists, to be able to access their desired goals. Of course this will leave a less pleasant impression for tourists, which potentially reduces the attractiveness of tourists Toba Region which indirectly affect the income of the government and also the people of the tourism sector. Based on these considerations, it is time for both central and regional governments to develop tourist public transportation in Toba and surrounding areas more seriously to improve accessibility and mobility and affordability of travel costs in the region. This can be done by revitalizing the existing public transportation route to be transformed into a public transport route. Based on survey results of public transport users for tourist destinations the number is relatively moderate ie between 2-55% of the total passengers transported at the time of the survey. Recorded only from the Terminal shadow Simpang Pos to Brastagi City, Tongging and Paropo and Terminal Siantar to Parapat, Sidamanik and Tiga Ras indicating the existence of passengers with tourist destination. Based on survey results, only public transportation to Berastagi has Load Factor above 100% that is 124%, so it needs to increase the number of its fleet from 18 units to 24 units. Aspects of public transport services assessed include: travel time, waiting time, ease of getting tickets, seat availability, seating comfort and freedom of movement, stopping / terminals, security during travel, travel safety, route info / public transportation routes and complaint media / complaints about service. The survey was conducted on 255 respondents with the aim to see the perception of passengers on public transport services. From the general survey results for all aspects of public transport services assessed, the perception of passengers on public transport services / tours is still in the good category of 49.29%. However, it does not mean that public transport services / tours that are all there are good because passengers who assess public transport services / tours bad and very bad is also quite a lot in the average that is 1.76% and 7.41%.

Workshop 5 report: Bridging the benefit / funding gap

How do university actors experience, perceive and desire public urban transport service in a medium-to-intermediate urban conglomerate in a sub-provincial territory in an intermediately developed country, with a notable predominance of an urban population and a broad public university education system? Urban communication is a complex subfield of communication studies that examines the ways in which individuals, groups and societies, traversed by the diverse urban dimensions of their daily lives in different cities, deploy the various modes, genres and media of communication to relate to each other, produce and share meanings as well as reproduce and change communication patterns. In heterogeneous and increasingly unequal societies, such as Argentina, urban local public transport systems operate in the dynamic tensions between state management, private revenue and citizen demands for a service compatible with access to social well-being, in general, and to mobility, in particular, as one of the basic rights to the city. Recent studies highlight some of the changes in urban public transport in Argentina during the 21st century, with a greater role for state jurisdictions, although contributions will decline from 2024 onwards, given the new adjustment policies of the national State. Other antecedents specify aspects of the transport service that are negative for the living, working and studying conditions of passengers in general and university travellers in particular. However, it is worth further investigating the meanings of the different groups of users from, among others, the multidimensional and multi-methodological perspective of social representations to update the broad scope of the always current studies on urban communication. This research examines six dimensions of university actors as users of public transport in an urban agglomeration in the interior of Argentina. The method is dominated by a very extensive online survey of almost 4,000 university actors, the vast majority of whom were students, carried out using a specific digital system of the local public university. The empirical findings presented focus on the recent changes in the local system of urban public transport services. The knowledge generated, perhaps without known precedents in research on communication and the city, identifies experiences, perceptions and suggestions for improving a public transport service with increasing costs and the cause of frequent complaints, demands and disputes.

Each firm transportation service providers must act quickly and precisely as a consequence of the internal and external environment changes that occur in the orientation to provide the best service to customers. Companies in the operations must always observe the changes in consumer behavior in order to anticipate changes in the behavior, then reduced to the study in order to improve their marketing strategies. The problem of this research is “whether service quality effect on passenger satisfaction of public transport services route 120 at PT. Rahayu Medan Ceria Medan, whether the pricing strategy of passenger satisfaction influence on public transport services route 120 at PT. Rahayu Medan Ceria Medan and whether the quality of service and pricing strategies simultaneously affect the satisfaction of the public passenger transport services on the route 120 PT. Rahayu Medan Ceria Medan. After collecting data on the samples filed, as well as data analysis, it is known that from the research that has been described in previous chapters, it can be concluded that the quality of service and pricing strategy has simultaneous effect on passenger satisfaction public transportation services route 120 at PT. Rahayu Medan Ceria Medan. In other words, the variability of passenger satisfaction which can be explained by using the variable quality of service and pricing strategy. Based on this it can be concluded that the quality of service and pricing strategy implemented in public transport services route 120 at PT. Rahayu Medan Ceria Medan has been running well and is able to give effect to passenger satisfaction. Quality of service has an influence on passenger satisfaction employees of public transport services route 120 at PT. Rahayu Medan Ceria Medan. Keywords: Quality of Service, Pricing Strategies, Passenger Satisfaction

This paper reports a study of the main principles for the formation of public passenger transport service quality standards. The object of the research is public passenger transport services. The task of the study is the development of conceptual foundations for the formation of quality standards using modern innovative technologies. It has been established that the main factor in achieving the quality of public passenger transport services is taking into account innovative technologies and compliance with the criteria and norms of EU standards. Features in the functioning of public passenger transport in the world have been studied, including the use of information platforms for tracking the movement of transport routes, Internet applications, ensuring safety and compliance with environmental requirements. The criteria that serve as indicators of improving the efficiency of the quality of services have been defined, among the main ones are the availability of transportation, comfort, frequency of traffic, and waiting time, quality of service, as well as safety. A system of forming the quality of public passenger transport services has been proposed, which involves determining the needs and requirements of consumers of public passenger transport services, ensures the development of measures to improve the quality of services and their certification. A comprehensive approach to the formation of the quality of public passenger transport services based on the introduction of innovative technologies has been formed, which could make it possible to determine the level of their innovative development, as well as ways to improve it. This approach takes into account the relationship between implemented measures, measuring the level of service quality and the distribution of obligations to ensure the level of services determined by quality criteria. This makes it possible to determine the required level of quality of public passenger transport services and to form a relationship between the level of innovative technologies and the stages of the approach. The practical significance of the results is the design of tools that would ensure the improvement of the quality of public passenger transport services.

This paper investigates the freight empty cars allocation problem in railway networks with dynamic demands, in which the storage cost, unit transportation cost, and demand in each stage are taken into consideration. Under the constraints of capacity and demand, a stage-based optimization model for allocating freight empty cars in railway networks is formulated. The objective of this model is to minimize the total cost incurred by transferring and storing empty cars in different stages. Moreover, a genetic algorithm is designed to obtain the optimal empty cars distribution strategies in railway networks. Finally, numerical experiments are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm.

This article discusses the factors that influence public transport users and the driver’s intentions towards ubiquitous features for public transport services. This study used convenience sampling for selecting tourists and a purposive sample to select bus drivers, taxi drivers, and trishaw pullers in Melaka, Malaysia, a popular tourist destination. The users' dataset contains three main results: factors influencing users' use of public transportation services, levels of user satisfaction with existing public transportation services, and elements influencing how often people choose to use the suggested ubiquitous features for public transportation services. The drivers' dataset, on the other hand, is divided into two primary sections: variables influencing drivers in delivering public transportation services and factors influencing drivers' adoption of the suggested ubiquitous features for public transportation services. The analysis included descriptive statistics on factors influencing users and drivers in using public transportation services, levels of user satisfaction with existing public transportation services, and factors influencing users' and drivers' adoption of proposed ubiquitous features for public transportation services. The findings can be used to investigate the demand for on-time delivery from public transport services.

Commuting plays a critical role in shaping sustainable transport systems, yet understanding the diverse preferences of commuter groups remains a challenge for policymakers. As cities aim to promote sustainable transport, it is essential to better understand the factors influencing travel behaviors. This study investigates the commuting preferences and behaviors of urban employees in Italy, focusing on identifying distinct user profiles and their implications for policy development. Using a dataset of 2301 participants from Italian cities, the research analyzed transport mode choices, willingness to adopt sustainable transport options, and perceptions of public transport (PT) services, including factors such as travel time, proximity to PT stops, cost, and comfort, rated on a four-point Likert scale. K-modes clustering was employed to segment participants into three clusters based on their travel behaviors. The results revealed three distinct user profiles: (1) car-dependent users with negative perceptions of PT, driven by family obligations and dissatisfaction with PT services; (2) individuals who primarily use cars but are somewhat open to improvements in PT; (3) individuals willing to adopt alternative mobility options, including active and shared transport modes. Significant differences were found across clusters in terms of mode choices, willingness to use sustainable transport, and satisfaction with PT services. Notably, employees showed limited interest in alternative sustainable transport modes such as e-scooters and walking, with 73% and 66% of participants expressing little or no interest, respectively. Despite incentives such as company subsidies for purchasing bicycles or e-scooters, 58% of employees remained uninterested in adopting these alternatives. Additionally, employees’ perceptions of PT services revealed dissatisfaction with factors such as travel time, comfort, and punctuality, with over 70% rating these aspects as “Poor” or “Fair”. These findings suggest that improving the quality of PT services, particularly in terms of travel time, punctuality, comfort, and cost, should be a priority for enhancing user satisfaction. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers seeking to reduce car dependence and promote sustainable urban transport planning.