Freeze-dried plant-based yogurts from whole and dehulled black mung beans (Vigna mungo L.): bioactive properties, in vitro protein digestibility, and functional innovation

The legumes are very important food crops, called pulses grown throughout the world for their grain which contains essential vitamins, carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals, and dietary fiber. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), green mung bean (Vigna radiate L.), and black mung bean (Vigna mungo L.) is important pulse crops that belong to the family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. The present experiment was conducted at the greenhouse of Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore during the season of July to August of 2020 to study the effects of different treatments of ZnSO4 and biogas wastewater on the growth of chickpea, pea, green bean, and black bean. The experiment consisted of two treatment combinations comprising of two levels of ZnSO4 at 0.5M and 0.25M along with the two levels of biogas wastewater at 500ml and 250ml along with including the control group. It was observed from results that the performance of Chickpea, pea, green mung bean, and black mung bean genotypes were variable under heavy metal zinc sulfate treatment. The results suggested that the treatment of a higher concentration of 0.5M ZnSO4 was toxic as compared with 0.25M ZnSO4. The application of biogas wastewater was found relatively fit for the seedling growth of all of four pulse crop species. The results showed that there was a significant correlation among root length, shoot length, and leaf length under the application of different treatments. A higher genetic advance was reported for shoot length and root length which revealed that the selection of legumes may be fruitful to improve yield under stress conditions.

A field trial was carried out on a black earth (Waco series) at Cambooya on the Eastern Darling Downs to compare the effect of black gram, green gram, grain sorghum and a summer fallow on soil mineral nitrogen (NO3-N + NH4-N) and the yield of grain sorghum grown in the following summer. The initial sorghum treatment severely depleted soil mineral nitrogen to 120 cm; even after a 173-d fallow, there was still 34 kg/ha less nitrogen present than initially in this treatment. Black and green gram also reduced levels of soil mineral nitrogen during crop growth, but these recovered to exceed pre-trial levels by 29 and 42 kg N/ha, respectively, after a winter fallow. The fallow treatment accumulated 100 kg N/ha of mineral nitrogen between January and October, but mineralization was markedly reduced from August to October. Sorghum grown on all plots in the second summer responded markedly to prior treatments, and grain yields and responses to nitrogen applied at 0, 34 and 68 kg N/ha reflected mineral nitrogen levels at planting. Yields of sorghum grain obtained without fertilizer after black gram, green gram and fallow were 8333, 7477 and 9663 kg/ha, respectively, compared with 4658 kg/ha after sorghum. Prior crops of both grams increased sorghum yield as much as a fertilizer application of 68 kg N/ha.

Carboxylesterase from edible legume seeds, including black gram bean (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper), mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) and red bean (Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and Ohashi) has been partially purified using the ammonium sulphate salting-out procedure. The specific activity of the partially purified carboxylesterase extracted from black gram bean, mung bean and red bean are 3.96±0.26, 1.51±0.10 and 1.29±0.08 U/mg, respectively (p<0.05). The carboxylesterase from black gram bean showed very high sensitivity to 24 types of organophosphate pesticides (OPs) and 7 types of carbamate pesticides (CAs) at the concentrations of 0.001-3.0 µg/ml. The limit of detection (LOD) obtained for OPs and CAs pesticide residues were 0.002 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. For performance assessment of methods for pesticide determination in vegetables, all performance parameter values, including sensitivity, accuracy, and specificity of the carboxylesterase enzyme inhibition method, are 100% compared with commercial pesticide test kits and are 70.5%, 90%, and 100%, respectively, compared with chromatographic method analysis.

A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of seed B on early seedling growth in cool season plantings of black and green gram at Chiang Mai, Thailand. In December, low B seed of black gram [≤9mg B/kg dry matter (DM)] produced over 75% abnormal seedlings when sown into low B soil (−B), and 9–22% in B treated soil (+B); with increasing seed B to 14mg/kg DM, the % abnormal seedlings did not change at —B but at +B it decreased to 40% abnormal seedlings and 0–3% in +B soil: increasing B to 14 mg/kg seed DM in — B soil eliminated abnormal seedlings. In black gram, the lower levels of abnormal seedlings in each seed and soil treatment of the sowing in January compared with December were associated with higher temperatures during growth, suggesting that low temperatures may have inhibited B supply to the shoots.

To ensure food security on sustainable basis, reducing weeds interference and boosting land use efficiency are critical. A field study was conducted at research farm of University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan, to sort out the most productive maize-gram intercropping system under semi-arid environment. Treatments included sole maize in single row (60 cm apart) (T1) and double rows (90 cm apart) (T2) strips, sole black (T3) and green gram (T4) crops, six single rows (60 cm apart) of maize with twelve double rows (20 cm) of black (T5) and green gram (T6), three double rows (90 cm apart) of maize with three sets of quadratic rows (20 cm apart) of black (T7) and green gram (T8). The experiment was executed in regular arrangement of randomized complete block design with three replications. The results revealed that T1 produced the highest grain yield (6.97 t ha−1) of maize and significantly lower weeds infestation compared to wider row spacing (T2). Among intercropping systems, T8 significantly decreased weeds density (16.33 plants m−2) and their fresh (20.93 g m−2) and dry weights (5.63 g m−2), while the maximum land use efficiency as indicated by unmatched land equivalent ratio and intercropping advantage were recorded by T7 and T8. Interestingly, green gram in intercropping recorded over 58% higher productivity than black gram. We conclude that maize-green gram intercropping hold potential to impart sustainability to maize production by reducing weeds infestation (431% lower than sole maize) and could be a viable option for smallholder farmers in semi-arid environment.

Ethylene needs endogenous hydrogen sulfide for alleviating hexavalent chromium stress in Vigna mungo L. and Vigna radiata L.

The pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.), is a major invasive pest of stored legume seeds in Pakistan. This study aimed to investigate the biology, morphometrics, feeding potential, and seed damage caused by the beetle on different pulses under laboratory conditions in 2023. The insect laid the highest number of eggs on Vigna unguiculata (8.53±0.95), followed by V. radiata (7.55±0.78), V. mungo (6.66±0.75), Phaseolus vulgaris (6.61±0.63), and Cicer arietinum (5.02±0.37). The mean egg incubation periods were recorded as follows: black gram (5.60±0.54), cowpeas (5.50±0.21), chickpea (4.00±0.72), green gram (4.00±0.37), and kidney bean (0.00±0.00) days, respectively. The egg hatching rates were (39.30%) green gram, (36.10%) cowpeas, (19.50%) chickpea, (5.10%) black gram, and (0.00%) for kidney beans. Notably, while (23.30%) of the eggs were laid on kidney beans, none hatched, and no adults emerged due to the smooth surface of the seed coat. The larvae and pupae development period lasted (24-27) days on black gram, (23-25) days on white gram, (19-21) days on cowpeas, and (18-20) days on green gram. Adult females survived for (14-15) days on cowpeas, (10-15) days on green gram, (12-14) days on black gram, and (10-11) days on chickpea. The mean fecundity was recorded at (6.12±3.17) eggs when two males fertilized one female and (8.73±4.22) eggs when one male fertilized two females. Cowpea seeds were identified as the preferred food source for C. maculatus compared to other pulses. Therefore, effective control of this pest is crucial to protect legume crops.

Planting is one of critical operations in agriculture. Ground wheel drives conventional metering mechanism, and results in improper placement of seeds because of skidding and vibration of the ground wheel. Electronically equipped seed metering system in the planter have potential to reduces losses associated with friction and wheel slippage. In this study, a retrofit type microcontroller based low-cost seed metering module was developed for commonly available cultivator. Basically, it can be called as mechatronics due to combination of both electronics and mechanical components. Seed metering plate’scell size was designed based on physical properties of black and green gram seeds. The microcontroller controlled motor's speed through Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) based on a signal obtained from a rotary encoder mounted on ground wheel. Under laboratory test, the developed module with a cell size of 5.5 mm found highest quality of feed index of 90 % for green gram and 86 % for black gram when operated at speed of 1.56 km/h. Average plant to plant distance was observed to be 6.73 cm, 6.55 cm for green and black gram during field evaluation. These observed spacing were close to desired spacing (6.28 cm) which intended in the precision metering mechanism. A unit's cost is approximately INR 2000. It facilitates sowing of pulse crop’s seeds without investing extra cost on purchasing separate planter required for it. This retrofit type proposed module will make cultivator as a precision planter suitable for sowing different crops at a very low cost.

In 2023, a comprehensive study was carried out at the Department of Agricultural Engineering, IARI, New Delhi, India, focusing on the investigation of vital physical properties encompassing size, sphericity, test weight, bulk density, true density, coefficient of static friction, and angle of repose for black gram and green gram seeds. Black gram seeds were characterized by mean dimensions of 4.90 mm (length), 3.74 mm (breadth), 3.57 mm (thickness), and a geometric mean diameter of 4.02 mm. In contrast, green gram seeds exhibited corresponding values of 5.08 mm, 4.06 mm, 3.99 mm, and 4.45 mm. Sphericity percentages were quantified as 82% for black gram and 86% for green gram. Mean bulk density measurements of 0.86 g/cc (black gram) and 0.87 g/cc (green gram) were accompanied by true density values of 1.36 g/cc and 1.38 g/cc, respectively. The mean angle of repose measurements were recorded as 24.06° (black gram) and 23.94° (green gram). The mean coefficient of static friction exhibited variability across different materials: 0.50 (aluminum), 0.45 (mild steel), 0.47 (galvanized iron), and 0.60 (plywood) for black gram seeds; while for green gram seeds, corresponding values were 0.48, 0.43, 0.45, and 0.57. Additionally, the mean thousand-grain weight was found to be 41.82 g for black gram and 46.18 g for green gram.

A field experiment was executed with ten crop sequences during 2016-17 at C.S.Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. All these sequences were evaluated for their system productivity, production efficiency, land use efficiency and economic analysis. Highest system productivity 320.43 q REY /ha was obtained through maize + black gram – potato – onion crop sequence followed by maize – garlic – green gram (291.1 q REY /ha). Highest land use efficiency (90.1%) measured through Scented rice – wheat –okra crop sequence while maximum production efficiency 121.83 kg/ha/ day was achieved by maize + black gram – potato – onion crop sequence. The highest net return of Rs.282799.0 /ha, crop profitability of Rs. 1075.28 /ha / day and system profitability of Rs. 774.79 /ha/day was obtained through maize + black gram – potato – onion followed by maize – garlic – green gram (G+R) crop sequence, while highest return per rupee investment (1:3.24) was computed on hybrid rice- wheat cropping system followed by maize – mustard- onion crop sequence (1: 3.21). Electrochemical properties were also evaluated in each cropping sequence. On the basis of different biological indices and economical analysis maize + black gram – potato – onion crop sequence observed as biological efficient followed by maize – garlic – green gram (G+R) crop sequence over all other cropping systems.

The effect of boron (B) on peanut and soybean was examined in two omission and one B fertilizer rate trial on a Typic Tropaqualf in Northern Thailand. The B rate trial was combined with a comparison of the response of sunflower, green gram, black gram, wheat, and rice in addition to peanut and soybean grown in irrigated rice-based cropping sequences over two years. Omitting B induced the hollow heart symptom in 10% of peanut kernels with the incidence of hollow hearts closely related to B concentration in the kernels. Omission of B had no effect on the appearance of soybean seed or on the grain yield of either soybean or peanut. In the B rate experiment, omitting B depressed grain yield by 50% in sunflower and by 40% to 80% in black gram, induced B deficiency symptoms in green gram and the hollow heart symptom in peanut kernels, but had not significant effect on the grain yield of soybean, peanuts, rice, or wheat. B deficiency apparently depressed grain yield in black and green gram by delaying or inhibiting reproductive development thus reducing pod set.

A field experiment was conducted at Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Shivamogga for three years, during kharif season of 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16 to study the effect of varied levels of FYM on yield and economics of pulses (viz., black gram, green gram, cowpea and field bean). The pooled yield of three years was significantly higher with FYM application @ 10.0t ha-1 in black gram (743 kg ha-1) and green gram (664 kg ha-1) while it was with 7.5 t ha-1 in field bean (655 kg ha-1) and 5.0 t ha-1 in cowpea (1527 kg ha-1) over no FYM treatment. However, higher net returns of Rs. 13,013, Rs. 10,366, Rs. 40,368 and Rs. 13,856 was noticed with FYM application @ 10.0, 7.5, 5.0 and 2.5 t ha-1 for black gram, field bean, cowpea and green gram, respectively.

The study was aimed at optimizing the basic formulation and processing conditions for the preparation of chicken seekh kababs from spent hens meat by oven roasting method of cooking and their extension with black bean paste (hydrated 1:1 w/w). Three levels of black bean paste viz. 10, 15 and 20% were used as extender replacing lean meat in the formulation. The chicken seekh kababs formulated without black bean served as control and were compared with kababs extended with different levels of black bean for various physicochemical and sensory properties. pH, emulsion stability and cooking yield increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increase in the extension level with highest value for the kababsextended with 20% black bean. All the proximate parameters that is, moisture, protein and fat percent except ash content decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with the increasing extension level for both raw as well as cooked kababs. Scores for all the sensory parameters except for appearance decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increase in the level of extension. All the sensory parameters of the kababs extended with 10% black bean were comparable with control. Sensory scores and physicochemical properties indicated that 10% black bean paste was optimum extension level for the formulation of extended chicken seekh kababs. Key words: Seekh kababs, vanaraja, black bean, oven-roasting, quality parameters

This study evaluated carbohydrate and protein fractions in various pulse chunies (green gram, black gram, Bengal gram and red gram) using Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein (CNCP) system. The carbohydrate fraction A (% CHO) was higher (P<0.001) in bengal gram chuni (25.47) compared to red gram (15.28) and green gram chunies (19.74). The carbohydrate fraction B1 (% CHO) was the highest (P<0.001) in black gram chuni (24.99) and minimum in green gram chuni (11.78). The carbohydrate fraction B2 was found to be maximum (P<0.05) in Bengal gram chuni (53.65) and minimum in black gram chuni (40.69% CHO). The fraction C varied (P<0.001) from 4.61% in Bengal gram chuni to 15.34% in green gram chuni. The level of protein fraction A (% CP) was the highest in red gram chuni (37.72%) followed by bengal gram (19.60%), black gram (19.13%) and green gram chuni (17.89%). The level of protein fraction B1 was the highest in green gram (10.26%) and the lowest in red gram chuni (7.78%) whereas, the highest protein fraction B2 was in black gram chuni (46.28%) followed by Bengal gram chuni (35.09%) and red gram (30.94%). The protein fraction B3 ranged from 4.08% (black gram chuni) to 7.73% (green gram chuni) whereas, indigestible protein fraction C varied between 18.57% (red gram chuni) to 28.15% (Bengal gram chuni). The CF content of the chunies varied between 15.9 to 40% and CP in the range of 9.5 to 22.5% which signified the nutritional potential of these chunies. It was concluded that black gram chuni was found to be the best in terms of available protein and Bengal gram chuni was a good carbohydrate source among the studied pulse chunies.

Germination reduces black gram (Vigna mungo) and mung bean (Vigna radiata) vicilin immunoreactivity