Abstract
Free-standing polypyrrole (PPy) film actuators, prepared electrochemicallyfrom aromatic ester solutions of lithium bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide(Li(CnF2n+1SO2)2N) (n = 1–4) ortetra-n-butylammonium bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide(TBA(CnF2n+1SO2)2N) (n = 1–2), exhibited extremely large electrochemical strains up to 40% when drivenin aqueous or propylene carbonate (PC) solution of the correspondingLi(CnF2n+1SO2)2N. PPydoped with (CnF2n+1SO2)2N− swelled in some organic solvents such as acetone and PC, and had a spongy macroporous morphology suchthat large (CnF2n+1SO2)2N− anions could go in and out of the film as dopant, resulting in the extremely large straininduced electrochemically. When smaller anions were used for the electrochemical stretching ofPPy-(CnF2n+1SO2)2N− actuators, an ineffective volume change of PPy was observed, whereaswhen larger anions were employed, the electrochemical strain was very smallas if the PPy actuators showed a ‘template’ effect. PPy films doped with(CF3SO2)2N− actuated quicklyin H2O/PC mixed solutionof Li(CF3SO2)2N, exhibiting amaximum strain rate of 13.8% s−1, and a maximum strain of 33.5%.
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