Free from Gender Bias?

Research on how start-up firms utilize networks has focused on direct effects of either the personal network around the entrepreneur or the formal collaboration network around the firm. Combining those approaches, we model how a firm’s collaboration network is embedded in the personal network around the entrepreneur. With data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor on 8918 start-up firms in 40 countries surveyed during 2012–2013, we examine (1) how entrepreneurs’ networking in private and public spheres is impacting firms’ collaborative networking, (2) how both the personal network and the firm network are impacting performance in forms of innovation and exporting, and (3) how embeddedness of the firm network in the private and public sphere networks around the entrepreneur is affecting innovation and export. The analyses show that the firm network as well as innovation and export are enhanced by the networking in the public sphere, but reduced by networking in the private sphere. Moreover, the benefits of firm network for innovation and export are strengthened by networking in the public sphere but weakened by networking in the private sphere. Finally, we find that innovation is a driver for export, and that this benefit is enhanced by networking in the public sphere, but decreases with networking in the private sphere. These findings refine our knowledge of the functioning of firms’ networking for innovation, especially the positive effects of networking in the public sphere and negative effects of networking in the private sphere.

We develop a model of how a start-up firm's networking for innovation is embedded in the personal network around the entrepreneur. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurships Monitor including 11,792 start-ups from 38 countries surveyed in 2012--13, we examine how entrepreneurs' networking in private and public spheres is impacting (1) innovation (2) firms' collaborative networking, and (3) the effectiveness of firms' collaborative networking for innovation. The analyses show that entrepreneurs' networking in the public sphere has a direct positive impact on start-ups' innovation, while networking in the private sphere reduces innovation. Firms' networking for innovation intensifies with larger public sphere networks around the entrepreneurs but decreases with larger private sphere networking. Also, large private sphere networks around the entrepreneurs decrease effectiveness of networking for innovation. These findings refine our knowledge of the functioning of start-up firms' networking for innovation, especially the positive and negative imprints of the entrepreneurs' networking in the public and private spheres.

We develop a model of how a start-up firm's networking for innovation is embedded in the personal network around the entrepreneur. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurships Monitor including 11,792 start-ups from 38 countries surveyed in 2012-13, we examine how entrepreneurs' networking in private and public spheres is impacting (1) innovation (2) firms' collaborative networking, and (3) the effectiveness of firms' collaborative networking for innovation. The analyses show that entrepreneurs' networking in the public sphere has a direct positive impact on start-ups' innovation, while networking in the private sphere reduces innovation. Firms' networking for innovation intensifies with larger public sphere networks around the entrepreneurs but decreases with larger private sphere networking. Also, large private sphere networks around the entrepreneurs decrease effectiveness of networking for innovation. These findings refine our knowledge of the functioning of start-up firms' networking for innovation, especially the positive and negative imprints of the entrepreneurs' networking in the public and private spheres.

This study investigates the perception of femininity shaped by gender norms at the intersection of public and private spheres, and to which of these spheres women feel they belong more. This examination examines not only the ties or new forms of relations that women establish towards the private sphere, but also the alternatives available for the continuity of the private sphere and the meanings they carry in social relations. In-depth interviews were conducted with 17 female workers in factories in Istanbul, and the data were interpreted through critical discourse analysis. According to the results of the research, women become strangers to the private sphere, which is characterized as their “place,” and cannot fully find a place in the public sphere. While women are not enough for the private sphere to which they feel they belong and cannot fully find a place for themselves in the male-dominated public sphere, they also become strangers to the gender norms they have internalized and their assumptions about being a woman. Women are squeezed between the private and public spheres and become alienated by losing their belonging, identity, and beliefs about their gender.

Value polarization is one of the key factors in societal development. This research focuses on whether opinions concerning gender roles in the domestic and public spheres are polarized in European societies, a topic still under-investigated. Based on the fifth wave of European Values Study data (2017–2020), the study shows that gender role attitudes in the domestic sphere are more polarized than those in the public sphere. Polarization by education, level of income, migration background, and degree of religiosity is stronger for gender role attitudes in the domestic sphere, whereas polarization by gender is stronger for gender role attitudes in the public sphere. Both gender role attitudes in the public and domestic spheres are most strongly polarized by education. At the same time, belonging to a social group with higher education, higher income, and lower religiosity can promote more progressive views towards gender roles. Opinions in Eastern European countries tend to seem more polarized than in Western European countries, even if with some exceptions. In countries with a higher level of gender equality, the level of polarization is a bit lower, while in countries where there is a remarkable rise of anti-gender narratives, opponent and conflictual views are higher.

A distinction has been introduced into the state of coexistence in the society we live in, public and private. The public sphere, where the culture of pluralism is defined politically, is the space where individuals meet on an equal basis with others, express their ideas and act freely. The private sphere, on the other hand, is a narrower framework that is more non-political, unselected, and in which given identities persist (such as family). In Turkey, in line with different political actors and decisions, the issue of what belongs to the private and public sphere is highly controversial. Westernization, which started especially in the Ottoman Empire and became a policy of existence in the Republic, affected the visibility and non-existence of many actors in the public and private spheres. One of the actors mentioned here is the identity of women and Muslim women. Women and Muslims Women are a type of identity that demands visibility in the public sphere, but continues to be built with changing political actors. Gerçek Hayat magazine is one of the Islamist-conservative and critical publications that describes how this fiction reflects on Muslim women identity. It presented ideas on how to make a Muslim woman visible or invisible through issues such as the place of a Muslim woman wearing a hijab in public, the importance of a mother woman in raising children, and the obedience of a wife woman to her husband. Key Words: public sphere, Gerçek Hayat, identity of Muslim women, visibility.

Bu çalışmada, Seren Yüce’nin Rüzgârda Salınan Nilüfer (2016) filmi ile Semih Kaplanoğlu’nun Bağlılık Aslı (2019) filmi toplumsal cinsiyet ve toplumsal sınıf tartışmaları bağlamında değerlendirilmiştir. Toplumsal cinsiyet ekseninde yapılan değerlendirme, özel alan – kamusal alan ayrımının cinsiyetçi karakteri hakkında süregelen tarihsel tartışma temelinde kurulmuştur. Toplumsal sınıf ekseninde yapılan değerlendirme ise toplumsal tabakalaşma tartışmalarındaki Marksist ve Weberci hatlar üzerinden kurulan bir izleğin üzerine kurulmuştur. Türkiye’de filmlerle ilgili sınıf çözümlemelerinde genellikle Weberci geleneği takip eden statü temelli toplumsal tabakalaşma yaklaşımlarının esas alındığı görülmüştür. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada incelenen filmler, farklı bir yaklaşımla değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirme, Erik Olin Wright’ın çelişkili sınıf konumları kavramsallaştırması esas alınarak yapılmıştır.[tr] This study examines the films The Swaying Waterlily (Seren Yüce, 2016) and Commitment Aslı (Semih Kaplanoğlu, 2019) in terms of gender and social-class discussions. The evaluation made on the axis of gender discussions is based on the ongoing historical debate over the sexist character of the distinction between the private and public spheres. In this context, it is first stated that the private sphere is generally identified with women, whereas the public sphere is identified with men; after that, Nancy Fraser’s subaltern counter-publics conceptualization, which supports the presence of women in the public sphere, is addressed. Historically, women in films have been positioned in the private sphere. This article addresses this issue in the case of the two films The Swaying Waterlily and Commitment Aslı. It argues that Commitment Aslı establishes a narrative emphasizing that women naturally belong to the private-household sphere. The film’s director, Kaplanoğlu, skillfully constructs this narration using a range of cinematographic elements. In contrast, The Swaying Waterlily welcomes the presence of women in the public sphere more positively. Although Yüce skillfully includes the complex social mechanisms that work against the presence of women in the public sphere, he does so in a way that opens a wide space for women in the public sphere. This article’s evaluation on the axis of social-class discussions is carried out through the lens of Marxist and Weberian approaches, as these are the dominant approaches to discussions about social classes and especially the position of the middle class in the literature. While class analyses of films in Türkiye are generally based on status-based social stratification approaches that follow the Weberian tradition, this article takes a different approach, one based in the Marxist tradition—specifically, Erik Olin Wright’s conceptualization of class counts. On this reading, the monotony, restlessness, and search for meaning in the lives of the characters in both films are associated with the contradictory character of their class counts. This contradictory character is mainly due to the fact that white-collar workers work for wages, while fulfilling their management and control functions over the wage earners in favor of the capitalist class. The article suggests that the unrest in their daily lives may also be related to such class counts. Nevzat Evrim Önal’s conceptualization of defense mechanisms is used to make sense of some of the attitudes and behaviors of these people. Önal categorizes the defense mechanisms that white-collar workers develop to escape from the unrest they are in as nihilistic defense, hedonistic defense, mystical defense, and infantile defense. In this study, the attitudes and behaviors of the characters in both films in daily life are evaluated by connecting them to nihilistic defense and hedonistic defense mechanisms. The article concludes that in terms of the position of women in the private or public sphere, which constitutes the first evaluation axis of this study, the film Commitment Aslı adopts a more conservative attitude and is willing to position women in the private sphere, whereas The Swaying Waterlily adopts a more positive approach to the existence of women in the public sphere. In the second evaluation axis, about middle-class lives, it concludes that both films draw attention to the unpleasantness, meaninglessness, restlessness, and lack of communication in such lives. In the movie Commitment Aslı, all these situations are presented within a main narrative line in which the woman is withdrawn to the private sphere; in The Swaying Waterlily, this is done in a more watchful style.[en]

The purpose is to account for entrepreneurs’ networking in private and public spheres, as influenced by gender, age and education in the context of culture. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor has surveyed 17,742 entrepreneurs’ networking for advice in Denmark and 14 countries representative of the Middle East and North Africa. Analyses show that entrepreneurs are networking in the private sphere of family and friends, especially in traditional culture in Middle East and North Africa, and are networking in public spheres, especially in secular-rational culture in Denmark. Male entrepreneurs’ network is broader than female entrepreneurs, especially in the public sphere and especially in traditional culture, whereas women network more intensely in the private sphere. Age influences networking in the way that networking in the private sphere is more extensive among young than among older entrepreneurs. Education influences networking in the way that networking in the public sphere is especially extensive among educated entrepreneurs.

Identification of the private life concept scopes within the civil law is of significance from both, theoretical and practical point of view. Private life is subject of research of various disciplines. Regarding the goals of this work, it is of interest to identify the degree of reflecting of the social requirements related to private life in the norms of private law and what aspects of private life are protected in legal provisions. Significance of this issue is particularly conditioned by correlation between private and personal life. To clarify the above it would be reasonable to identify the substance of public life, as well as the limits of public and private spheres. Georgian legislation does not distinguish private and personal life; neither provides it the definitions of these concepts. Georgian Civil Code (hereinafter referred to as CCG) provides the provisions on protection of human dignity, business reputation, personal life secrecy, images and in 2008 the provision on personal data was added, as these comprise one of the parts of private life. Goal of the research is identification of the spheres (aspects) of private life protected by the legislation. In addition, the scopes of private life protected by the legislation should be identified, as conditioned by social, cultural, technical and other conditions in the society. Aspects of private life spheres should be classified by certain signs. This work is the attempt to study, together with Georgian legislation and judicial practice, as well as overview European judicial practice, to identify the ways for elimination of gaps. Research showed that there is correlation between social and legal bases of private life, similar to the private and public spheres, In addition, in many cases the private and public spheres are so close that sometimes there is no limit between them at all. It should be noted that public life, with its substance, in some context, may be equal to the public life, though public sphere is the sphere related to implementation of the governmental and non-governmental (public) function. Personal life, on its side, is the part of private sphere, which is closely related to a person directly and deals with body and moral integrity, ensures person's autonomy, develops individuality, what can be created by birth, as well as by the law. This, private and personal spheres are concepts Mostly, elements of private (personal) sphere are not legally protected; they are regulated by the moral norms. With respect of legal technique of protection, the decisive role is added to general personal right. Researches showed that Georgian legislation includes some elements of general personal right and recognition of general personal right is the way to protection of the private (personal) life and it has practical sense as well correlated as general and specific, as there are type and form correlation between them. Consequently, if personal rights are not protected in all aspects, general personal right should be recognized.

Diskursne oznake, multifunkcionalne jezične jedinice čija je glavna uloga uspostavljanje kohezivnih i koherencijskih veza u diskursu te stvaranje interaktivnih veza među govornicima, igraju iznimno važnu ulogu u pragmatičkoj i diskursnoj kompetenciji govornika. Njihova velika važnost za prirodnu komunikaciju primjerenu kontekstu ukazuje nam na njihov značaj za nastavnike i učenike stranih jezika. Istraživanje opisano u ovomu radu provedeno je radi pružanja uvida u uporabu diskursnih oznaka hrvatskih nastavnika engleskoga kao stranoga jezika u nastavi s učenicima na dvjema razinama ovladanosti jezikom. Korpus govora osam nastavnica analiziran je kvantitativnim i kvalitativnim pristupom pružajući sveobuhvatan uvid u njihovu uporabu diskursnih oznaka, stavove prema ovim jedinicama i udžbenike kojima se koriste u nastavi. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da nastavnice rabe širok raspon diskursnih oznaka u nastavi, ali ih u manjemu broju rabe učestalo. Učestale diskursne oznake u njihovu govoru imaju uloge koje se prvenstveno odnose na organizaciju i upravljanje interakcijom u učionici. Analiza pet najčešćih diskursnih oznaka kroz primjere njihove uporabe iz korpusa pruža iznimno detaljan uvid u način na koji ih nastavnice rabe, među ostalim kako bi ostvarile osnovne uloge govora nastavnika. Osvrt na stavove nastavnica i na način obrade diskursnih oznaka u udžbenicima engleskoga jezika upotpunjuju sliku iz koje se može zaključiti da je u hrvatskomu obrazovnomu kontekstu prijeko potrebno sustavno uključiti diskursne oznake u obrazovanje sadašnjih i budućih nastavnika kako bi znali na koji način i u kojoj mjeri svojim učenicima olakšati usvajanje ovih iznimno važnih oblika, što je važna pedagoška implikacija ovoga istraživanja. Budući da kod nas dosad nisu dokumentirana znanstvena istraživanja o uporabi diskursnih oznaka kod hrvatskih nastavnika engleskoga jezika, riječ je o sasvim novim uvidima u ovu temu. Spoznaje proizašle iz ovoga istraživanja mogu pridonijeti razvoju saznanja o govoru nastavnika stranih jezika i postupcima koje nastavnici rabe u nastavi kako bi učenicima olakšali usvajanje jezika. Rezultati istraživanja doprinijet će općenitomu razvoju metodologije poučavanja engleskomu jeziku i oblikovanju smjernica u stručnomu usavršavanju nastavnika u području diskursne kompetencije

The use of the concept “private sphere” to locate leisure carries with it many unstated assumptions about the nature and function of leisure in modern society. The distinction made today between private and public spheres is industrial capitalism. Our idea of the private sphere is shaped by cognate ideas about specialized roles, private property and rational administration. Liberal criticisms of the modern tendency to withdraw into the private sphere do not penetrate to the real nature of this process nor realise all its implications. This failure is reflected in a sociology of the work-leisure relationship which takes the existence of separate public and private spheres for granted rather than examining its foundations in the labour processes of modern capitalism. An improved sociology of leisure will have to examine the work-leisure relationship in the context of all capitalist social relations.

This article challenges the false opposition between public and private spheres that is often imposed upon our historical understanding of the Old Regime in France. An analysis of the work of Jurgen Habermas, Reinhart Koselleck, Philippe Aries, and Roger Chartier shows that the authentic public articulated by Habermas was constructed in the private realm, and the of private life identified by Aries was constitutive of Habermas's new public sphere. Institutions of sociability were the common ground upon which public and private met in the unstable world of eighteenthcentury France. Having superimposed the maps of public and private spheres drawn by Habermas and Aries upon one another, the article then goes on to examine recent studies by Joan Landes and Roger Chartier to show the implications of drawing or avoiding the false opposition between public and private spheres for our understanding of the political culture of the Old Regime and Revolution. Public sphere and private life these domains are now the focus of considerable interest among historians of the Old Regime on both sides of the Atlantic. 1989 saw the publication of English translations of the two works most closely associated with public sphere theory and the history of private life: Jurgen Habermas's The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, and volume three of A History of Private Life, edited by Roger Chartier.' Each domain, private and public, has its own historiographical tradition and, in a sense, its own partisans. This division of historical labor, however, has contributed to a misunderstanding of the relationship between these two spheres of activity in eighteenth-century France, a misunderstanding that has led to the creation of a false opposition between public and private spheres. My aim here is to show that the two visions of the Old Regime represented by these two historiographical schools are fundamentally complementary. By focusing on the simple real1. Jfrgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, transl. Thomas Burger (Cambridge, Mass., 1989); and A History of Private Life: Passions of the Renaissance, ed. Roger Chartier, transl. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge, Mass., 1989). Habermas's work was originally published in German in 1962, and then translated into French in 1978. Chartier's De la Renaissance aux Lumieres, volume 3 of Histoire de la vie privie, edited by Philippe Aries and Georges Duby, was published in France in 1986. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.231 on Thu, 06 Oct 2016 04:06:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

The purpose of the article is to present self-control development technology meeting up-to-date requirements in the special education for pupils with mild mental retardation; to reveal the self-control special features for children of the studied category found during the experiment; to show necessity of the task-oriented work. Methods . The methods involve theoretical analysis of relevant psychologicpedagogical and methodical literature; empiric methods (conversation, writing tasks, observation); pedagogic experiment; quantitative and qualitative analysis. Results . The article contains the data obtained during the experiment concerning study of the self-control special features for primary school children with mild mental retardation in learning process. The author describes and scientifically justifies the self-control development technology based on the step-bystep approach for children of the studied category. The revealed reasons of low self-control level for primary school children with intellectual disorder are proven by qualitative and quantitative analysis. The presented experimental results confirm the developed technology efficiency and can be applied while studying of all disciplines at primary school. Scientific novelty . For the first time the unified (may be used at all subjects) and comprehensive (for all self-control components) self-control development technology was developed and proven for primary school children with mild mental disorder in learning process; transient phase necessity is proved and justified for mastering all control kinds by primary school children with mild mental retardation. Practical significance. The developed technology allows qualitative enhancement of learning activities for primary school children with mild mental retardation. The research results may be used in both correctional and educational work at special (correctional) schools (type VIII) and at general-education schools. In addition the results may be useful in training of primary school teachers and students.

Facebook, like any other social networking site, troubles the traditional categories of private and public spheres. As it complicates (and transcends) the distinction, it can be called a different space, or a liminal space, which falls somewhere in-between private and public spheres. The author argues that this recognition of Facebook as a liminal sphere has important implications to the (re) definition of public and private spheres and to the ways rhetoric should work or be used in the Web 2.0 sites like Facebook. The author also proposes that Michael de Certeau’s notions of “strategy” and “tactics” can be powerful rhetorical tools to deal with Facebook’s liminality and to enhance the rhetorical performance of self in Facebook and other similar new media forums.

Facebook, like any other social networking site, troubles the traditional categories of private and public spheres. As it complicates (and transcends) the distinction, it can be called a different space, or a liminal space, which falls somewhere in-between private and public spheres. The author argues that this recognition of Facebook as a liminal sphere has important implications to the (re) definition of public and private spheres and to the ways rhetoric should work or be used in the Web 2.0 sites like Facebook. The author also proposes that Michael de Certeau's notions of “strategy” and “tactics” can be powerful rhetorical tools to deal with Facebook's liminality and to enhance the rhetorical performance of self in Facebook and other similar new media forums.