France’s bilateral relations: a quantitative analysis (1992–2023)

The aim of this paper is to analyse the distribution of English phrasal verbs in bilateral international agreements. For the purpose of the analysis, agreements concluded between Poland and a selected English-speaking country were chosen. The paper includes a quantitative and qualitative analysis of phrasal verbs. The quantitative analysis was carried out to analyse and examine whether there are any patterns regarding the distribution of phrasal verbs in all agreements in question and with regard to four thematic categories. The results indicate a small percentage of phrasal verbs, amounting to about 0.6% overall, with an uneven distribution in the four categories. The qualitative analysis is an attempt to verify the translation choices, establish whether the offi cial translations of the agreements under consideration have fixed equivalents, and categorise the presented phrasal verbs into the functions they fulfi l in the texts. In order to achieve these objectives, the translations of the 15 most common phrasal verbs were examined. The results show that there are no fixed equivalents used in Polish translation of the phrasal verbs, which partially is a result of their polysemy. While it is possible to distinguish some functions which phrasal verbs perform in the text, there is neither a relationship between them and the thematic category of agreements nor a pattern. This article complements and broadens the subject matter of phrasal verbs in terms of their presence and translation in international agreements.

Unfair treatment of migrant workers is a major problem in the migrant governance system. Migrants often endure harsh working conditions, poor wages, and in some cases, untimely deaths. This brings the question, "What can countries do about the poor treatment of their people in destination countries?” This research analyzes the role of bilateral relationships between countries and concludes whether stronger bilateral relations affect the condition of migrant workers in destination countries. The hypothesis is that bilateral relations do not matter but the destination country's domestic human rights condition is a bigger determinant of migrant treatment. The case studies of Malaysia and Japan in relation to Nepal through a series of quantitative and qualitative analysis however disproves the hypothesis and shows that bilateral relations do matter in determining the treatment of migrant workers.

Despite warnings of interstate conflict over shared water resources, states are reaching hundreds of treaties and agreements over their international rivers. We have extensive knowledge about the negotiations process of individual treaties, but there is a paucity of systematic analysis of the forces influencing treaty formation. In addition, the few quantitative studies examining the formation of agreements fail to consider the different factors influencing the rise of bilateral versus multilateral agreements on multilateral basins. Correcting this omission is important because scholars have discovered that states frequently sign bilateral agreements over multilateral rivers, which contradicts the integrated river basin management approach advocated by environmentalists, engineers, and water experts. This study seeks to fill this vacuum within the existing literature by distinguishing between the formation of bilateral treaties on bilateral and multilateral basins and comparing these bilateral forms of cooperation to the formation of multilateral treaties on multilateral basins. Through quantitative analysis, we argue that treaty type is a by-product of state interest, transaction costs, and distribution of power.

Abstract: Why has post-1992 Havana-Moscow trade been at a low level despite for several years the political relationship being cordial and the political will for trade to increase existing? The bilateral relationship since 1960 is examined using qualitative and quantitative analysis and a novel method: the use of the literature on the impact on trade of the colonisation and decolonisation processes. Resulting from Cuban economic dependence on the Soviet Union from 1960 to 1991. Despite the anti-colonial nature of revolutionary Cuba and the Soviet Union it is posited that connotations with a colonial trading relationship have 1) resulted in post-1992 Havana- Moscow trade displaying the general trends of the decolonisation process on trade between former colonies and metropoles, trade falls and does not increase; and 2) negated the political will for bilateral trade to increase. Subsequently, it is theorized that partial interconnectedness inadvertently emerged. An asymmetric bilateral relationship which politically can be conditioned by either country and is mutually beneficial, but economically the structures of economic colonialism and postcolonialism have unintentionally materialised. Therefore, these findings inform debates on legacies of the past, the post socialist space, the decolonisation process and bilateral trade and Havana and Moscow individually and in combination.

Background: The bilateral relationship between Nepal and India, characterized by deep socio-cultural ties, political complexity, and economic interdependence, has been the subject of extensive qualitative scholarly inquiry. However, the existing literature remains fragmented, focusing on isolated case studies and lacking a macro-level synthesis of the field's intellectual structure and evolution. Objectives: This study aims to fill this gap by conducting a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to systematically map and analyze the scholarly discourse on Nepal-India relations published between 2010 and 2025. It seeks to delineate key research themes, identify major contributors and their collaborative networks, and assess the field's impact and intellectual trajectories. Methods: A systematic bibliometric approach was employed. Data for 26 relevant peer-reviewed articles were retrieved from the dimensions.ai database. Quantitative analysis was performed to examine publication trends, citation impact, and the contributions of countries and organizations. Network visualization was conducted using VOSviewer software to map intellectual linkages. Findings: The analysis reveals a significant increase in scholarly output post-2016, indicating growing academic interest. While a high proportion (65.38%) of publications achieve academic recognition, the field is marked by structural fragmentation. Research is dominated by Nepali institutions, particularly Tribhuvan University, but exhibits a critical lack of international and inter-organizational collaboration. The dissemination of knowledge is decentralized across numerous journals, and the intellectual discourse is siloed, with limited cross-journal citation dialogue. Key themes identified include the duality of cooperation and conflict, water resource governance, border disputes, and foreign policy strategy. Conclusion: The study concludes that while research on Nepal-India relations is active and impactful, it is constrained by significant isolation and a lack of a cohesive academic network. The findings underscore the need for greater international collaboration and more integrated scholarly communication to advance a cumulative and holistic understanding of this critical bilateral relationship. Novelty: This study provides the first systematic, quantitative bibliometric review of the Nepal-India relations literature, offering a novel, macro-level perspective on the field's evolution, intellectual structure, and collaborative dynamics, which have previously been unexplored.

Research on Health Cooperation Features of the 'Belt and Road' Countries in the Perspective of Complexity Theory - A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis

Since independence, India and Pakistan have cultivated hostile relations, over the issues such as Kashmir, civil war in East Pakistan, sharing of water resources and cross border covert operations etc. Although, the local politics in India has always been Pakistan centric, however, for the past decade, Indian national politics, particularly elections, have increasingly centered on an anti-Pakistan agenda, yielding favorable outcomes for proponents of such populist rhetoric. The younger generation, devoid of direct memories of past conflicts, is being swayed by narratives surrounding Kashmir, border skirmishes, and cross-border terrorism. The youth on both sides of the border have not seen an active war since the 1999 Kargil crises. Policy makers, politicians and defenders in Pakistan and India have not made efforts to apprise themselves with the opinion of youth that how do they see the hostilities between the two countries. This research is an attempt to explore the impact of propaganda and political exploitation regarding cross-border threats on the opinion of youth in both countries. Understanding the perceptions and insights of the youth regarding bilateral relations and conflicts is crucial for fostering peace in the region. Such studies are imperative for potential peace initiatives, future inter-state relations, trade perspectives and progressive interdependencies.

Official RT account in Weibo is considered from October 2019 to March 2025. With the development of mediatization of society, Russia pays special attention to the formation of its national image through international communications, using both domestic and foreign media to strengthen its influence in the world. In this context, RT has rapidly strengthened its position in the global media space, becoming a key tool for promoting the image of Russia and strengthening its international information agenda. At present, the comprehensive strategic partnership between Russia and China in the new era continues to deepen, and bilateral relations are experiencing the best period in their history. As a result, the image of Russia in Chinese social media has become significantly more positive and favorable compared with previous years. This paper collects and analyzes data from publications of the official RT Weibo account, including topics, countries, and positions covered in the news. Particular attention is paid to the ways of presenting issues related to Russian-Chinese relations and strategies for forming a national image. Quantitative analysis and content analysis are mainly used to summarize RT's communication activities on the Chinese social network Weibo. The image of Russia on Chinese social networks is becoming increasingly positive and popular, while RT purposefully increases the distribution of content dedicated to the strategic partnership between Russia and China; RT's agenda tends to align with China's official position, emphasize the idea of "multipolarity" and strengthen Russia's narrative of opposing Western hegemony; RT promotes the soft power of Russian culture through the popularization of literature, art, scientific and technological innovation, tourism and education, demonstrating to the Chinese audience the modern image of Russia as a great power. The study of data from the RT account on Weibo, in contrast to Western social networks such as Twitter and Facebook, allows us to study the strategies of Russian media adaptation to the Chinese censorship system and media environment; Including Russian-Chinese relations in an analytical framework to study how RT on Weibo creates common narratives and space for a unified position, shaping the image of a “partner country”.

This work sought to determine factors that impact Brazilian foreign policy decisions, based on the degree of convergence in the votes of the UN General Assembly, taking as reference Brazil's bilateral relations with three major strategic partners: Argentina, China and the United States . For that, quantitative analysis was used, working with the tobit model as the main test, but also with multiple regressions and graphic evaluations to support the validation of the conclusions. It is worth mentioning that, for the empirical analysis above, it was used as dependent variable: the convergence index in the AGNU votes between Braslia and each ally, and as explanatory or independent variables were used, exports, imports, foreign direct investments received by the Brazilian State and the difference in power between the partners, called the power gap. It was also verified, in a graphical evaluation at the end, if the use of a domestic variable of the party ideology type would have any relevance in a greater or lesser agreement, between the countries studied, during the voting in the UNGA. The results were very interesting, in which it was noted that the neoliberal variables, in this case those related to the trade flow, had great statistical relevance in the Sino-Brazilian relationship, while in the analysis of the alliance with the USA, the neo-realist variable, Power gap, was the one that have demonstrated good significance in the empirical model that was used. Regarding the domestic variable: the party ideology, an interesting correlation can be observed in international policy decisions. Finally, it was observed that the present research obtained significant conclusions, which can contribute to the actually growing field of debate of empirical brazilian foreign policy.analysis.

Foreign media discourses are a crucial factor in successfully developing bilateral relations between states. The image of Ukraine in foreign media has been a subject of interest for Ukrainian researchers for quite some time. However, the dynamics of changes in Ukraine's image in contemporary Vietnamese electronic media remains insufficiently studied, and therefore this article is a consistent step towards filling this gap. This scientific research aims to identify key lexical features and the most frequent words in the headlines of news related to Ukraine in a specific Vietnamese-language electronic media outlet for a defined period: from the beginning of 2021 to February 23, 2022. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive study was conducted combining quantitative and qualitative analysis methods. The research covered a total of 180 news headlines over the specified period. Regarding the dynamics of news releases, there was a short-term, small surge in the number of news items in April, followed by an information lull for the next six months and a gradual increase in the number of publications about Ukraine in late 2021 and early 2022. Through qualitative analysis, 23 news items from April were analyzed. The key lexical features of the news in that period were emotionally charged words, verbs reflecting the tension in relations between the countries, and some military vocabulary. Quantitative (frequency) analysis was conducted using the "AntConc" program, which allowed for identifying the most frequent word combinations, words, or morphemes. Among the entire mini-corpus of 180 headlines, the most frequent words and clusters with the word "Ukraine" were identified. The practical significance of this research lies in the possibility of applying its results in the educational process, particularly in Vietnamese-Ukrainian written translation classes. The obtained data will contribute to a deeper understanding of current trends in shaping Ukraine's image in the Vietnamese information space. The scientific novelty of the work lies in a comprehensive approach to studying the image of Ukraine. The combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis, as well as the analysis of data in a new, previously unexplored context, allows for a more complete and detailed picture of the formation of Ukraine's image in Vietnamese society.

Bilateral relationship between Indonesia and China which is a pivotal pathway to Global Maritime Axis’s foreign policy has been relentlessly addressed by President JokoWidodo since his early administration in 2014. However, Indonesia is aware that China’s claim of nine-dashed line (9DL) has overlapped with Indonesia’s sovereignty area, Natuna water. This territory dispute has pushed Indonesian government to take a decisive action by sending a verbal note protest to the Chinese embassy in Indonesia. In the perspective of international communication, this action has scrutinized the interdependence between media systems and political systems as a form of a symbiosis connecting and creating perceptions on the issue. Propaganda techniques of mass media, such as inter alia, name-calling, glittering generality, transfer, plain folks, testimonial, selection, bandwagon, and frustration of scapegoat, might create certain perceptions. This study maps the propaganda techniques by Indonesian high-circulated newspaper Kompas and China’s state-run media Xinhua news agency. This study applies quantitative content analysis method in the period of May 30 to July 30, 2016.

The authors of the present article, analyse the development trends of the bilateral trade between the Republic of Moldova and the Republic of Turkey. The purpose of this study is to reflect the evolution of bilateral trade between the two countries, by analysing the dynamics of exports and imports of goods and their structure, indicating the countries that hold the main positions. The authors used scientific methods such as quantitative and qualitative analysis, the documentary method, and the statistical analysis method were used to achieve the purpose of the research. As a result of the study, it was found that Turkey is one of the main economic partners of the Republic of Moldova, and their bilateral relations are constantly evolving, which promises positive prospects for their integration on the European market

This study investigates the evolution of American news reports on China hosting the 2008 Summer and 2022 Winter Olympic Games, within the context of changing China–US relations. Existing studies on media coverage of the Beijing Olympics typically focus on either the Summer or the Winter Games individually, with none exploring the specific associations between bilateral relations and the agenda-setting processes of the US news media. To fill the gap, the study conducts a quantitative content analysis on reports from seven influential US news organisations which have covered issues in China during both Beijing Olympic Games. Findings reveal a marked increase in politicisation and negative sentiment in US news reports on China in 2022 compared to 2008. This suggests a strong correlation between the evolving China–US relations and the selection of news agendas and tones by US media.

Abstract: The research study with entitled is about the Government Policy with its State Historical Background through the effort to prevent the jobless of Timor-Leste in providing job Management opportunities in the state and foreign countries.” The objective of this research is to identify and search on the historical and economical background of the state in providing job opportunities to young people are employed in internal and foreign countries to fix their family’s economic conditions to support the state in reducing the unemployment and poverty in the country itself as a way to settle down the problems and obtain the solution. About this, the government of Timor-Leste has created a bilateral and multilateral cooperation agreement in the country through signing the mutual of understanding (MOU) with the foreign company’s organization in abroad. The economic problems and other matters are settled with the effort hard of the state’s government by providing funds to minimize and reduce the poverty and the economic problems of the living people in the state in the current day and the future. The method of this study is qualitative and quantitative mixed methods, observing, paraphrasing, and permutation in library research through collecting the facts by using online libraries, software, and hard book references. Some of the data files presented in this writing to complete this analytical research. The finding of this research is the jobless of the country are mostly employed by the government through mutual cooperation through bilateral and multilateral cooperation to reduce the unemployment in the internal country and abroad. From the total population are not finalized their studies in the school 30,7% and from the above population, 16,8% do their learning in the higher education level. Amongst the young between 14-24 years old do not access the education, unemployed, and training and it is hard for them to get the job competition. The total labor forces in 2009, there are 430,200 people in East Timor and the unemployment are 18% since 2010.

Rapid globalization of the agrifood industry has important impacts on international trade and quality management (QM). Likewise, the European Union has negotiated a series of bilateral free trade agreements. Of note was the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) with the United States of America, where the debate focused on the mutual recognition and harmonization of quality standards, especially for agricultural and food products. This topic offered the mainstream media excellent substances for coverage. This paper explores German print media, television, and radio on the importance of international quality standards in the agrifood sectors in light of the TTIP. A quantitative and qualitative empirical content analysis was performed to investigate media reporting regarding (a) it is scientific character, (b) the use of the term “quality standards” of the agrifood industry, and (c) the reporting on the agrifood industry and QM linked with TTIP, focused on harmonization. The results showed that interrelations between QM and global trade were not presented to recipients in-depth. A trend toward information asymmetries in recipient’s knowledge is indicated. The study addresses recommendations for future collaborations between media, policy-makers, and further cooperation in the mutual recognition and harmonization of quality standards and control procedures within global trade.