Framing addiction as a compulsive brain disease lowers readiness to change addictive behavior in alcohol consumers, in two exploratory experiments

This study analyses the crucial dimension of variables influencing visitors' choice of drinkscapes and alcohol among those who visited Goa. This research also aims to examine the influence of tourists' knowledge and past experiences regarding alcohol consumption on the choice of alcoholic beverages and the choice of drinkscapes at tourist destinations. Respondents were asked to rate provided attributes on a 5-point Likert scale according to their preferences in selecting alcohol or drinkscapes. Four hundred and eighty-one questionnaires collected from a web-based survey at popular drinkscapes in Goa were analyzed. The research ranks attribute based on the mean values used by consumers when selecting a drinkscape or ordering alcohol. Based on the results of factor analysis, the study found that the most important factors influencing the choice of alcohol were taste, quality, quantity to be consumed, the brand of the alcoholic beverage and the level of intoxication desired. Whereas ambience, entertainment, safe environment, comfortable seating and clean surroundings were the critical factors indicating the choice of drinkscapes for the respondents. Regression analysis also suggested a significant impact of tourists' knowledge and past experiences regarding alcohol consumption on the choice of alcoholic beverages and the choice of drinkscapes. Regarding the implications for drinkscape management, this study suggests placing a stronger emphasis on providing drinkscapes having a beverage list that stands out with good brands and a variety of quality alcoholic beverages, a good ambience that emphasized a safe and clean environment and good entertainment to attract customers to stand out in this competitive industry. This study also contributes to the field by providing practical information that will enable bar managers to facilitate memorable drinking experiences better.

This study explored the role of volunteers' psychological capital and family concern in the effect of the authentic leadership and organization's climate on volunteering behavior in volunteer organizations. A questionnaire survey was used to investigate 945 college student volunteers from volunteer organizations in Chinese colleges at three time points. The results found that authentic leadership and the climate in the volunteer organization were significantly and positively related to volunteers' psychological capital and volunteering behavior, and family concern was significantly and positively related to authentic leadership in volunteer organizations and volunteers' psychological capital. Authentic leadership and climate in volunteer organizations positively affected volunteering behavior, not only directly but also indirectly, through the mediating role of volunteers' psychological capital. Moreover, family concern played a moderating role in the indirect effect of authentic leadership and the climate in volunteer organizations on volunteering behavior through volunteers' psychological capital. Specifically, when the college students' family concern increased, the positive indirect effect of the authentic leadership and climate in volunteer organizations on volunteering behavior through volunteers' psychological capital increased.

BackgroundProsocial behavior is an essential quality for medical students and reflects the development of future professional values. This study aims to investigate the roles of perceived social support and psychological capital in the prosocial behaviors of medical students while also testing the moderating effect of negative life events.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted from July to October 2023 among 1940 medical students in Jiangsu Province, using a questionnaire composed of the Prosocial Tendencies Measurement Scale, the Perceived Social Support Scale, the Psychological Capital Questionnaire, and the Adolescent Life Events Scale. SPSS 25.0 was used for the preliminary analysis, and M-plus 8.3 was used to examine the moderated mediation effect.ResultsPerceived social support (β = 0.248, 95% CI [0.178, 0.321]) and psychological capital (β = 0.414, 95% CI [0.334, 0.495]) positively predicted medical students’ prosocial behavior. Perceived social support positively predicted psychological capital (β = 0.458, 95% CI [0.401, 0.518]). Psychological capital mediated their relationship. The first half of the mediating pathway of “perceived social support → psychological capital → prosocial behavior” was moderated by negative life events. Specifically, due to the negative moderating effect of negative life events, the indirect impact of psychological capital on the relationship between perceived social support and prosocial behavior increased from 33.5% to 50.6%.ConclusionsPerceived social support directly predicts medical students’ prosocial behavior and may do so indirectly via psychological capital. It’s a stronger positive predictor of psychological capital in medical students with lower negative life events. Findings help develop targeted mental health courses and interventions for medical students’ prosocial behaviors.

Background: Prosocial behavior is an essential quality for medical students and reflects the development of future professional values. This study aims to investigate the roles of perceived social support and psychological capital in the prosocial behaviors of medical students while also testing the moderating effect of negative life events. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from July to October 2023 among 1940 medical students in Jiangsu Province, using a questionnaire composed of the Prosocial Tendencies Measurement Scale, the Perceived Social Support Scale, the Psychological Capital Questionnaire, and the Adolescent Life Events Scale. SPSS 25.0 was used for the preliminary analysis, and M-plus 8.3 was performed to examine the moderated mediation effect. Results: Perceived social support (β = 0.248, 95% CI [0.178, 0.321]) and psychological capital (β= 0.414, 95% CI [0.334, 0.495]) positively predicted medical students' prosocial behavior. Perceived social support positively predicted psychological capital (β = 0.458, 95% CI [0.401, 0.518]). Psychological capital mediated their relationship. The first half of the mediating pathway of "perceived social support → psychological capital → prosocial behavior" was moderated by negative life events. Specifically, due to the negative moderating effect of negative life events, the indirect effect of psychological capital on the relationship between perceived social support and prosocial behavior increased from 33.5% to 50.6%. Conclusions: Perceived social support directly predicts medical students' prosocial behavior and may do so indirectly via psychological capital. It's a stronger positive predictor of psychological capital in medical students with lower negative life events. Findings help develop targeted mental health courses and interventions for medical students' prosocial behaviors. Clinical trial number: Not applicable.

Background: Excessive alcohol consumption produces adverse physical and mental health consequences generally, including college and university students. A variety of risk factors the alcohol consumption have been addressed for college students generally, however only a few studies have focused specifically on Chinese college students. This article reports on a study which investigated factors influencing the current situation of Chinese college student alcohol consumption.Methods: A stratified, random-cluster sampling approach was used on 907 students from a Changsha, Hunan university. All participants completed a general information questionnaire, an Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test scale, a drinking expectations questionnaire, and a Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 questionnaire.Results: It found that 65.2 % students reported consuming alcohol in the prior calendar year that 11.2 % reported hazardous and harmful drinking behaviors. Univariate analysis showed the following significantly associated with the incidence of hazardous and harmful drinking behavior: 1) male older than 20; 2) having monthly living expenses [do you mean an expense allowance as in “income or expenses, outgo?] of more 1,000 Y (OR = 2.855); 3) smoking (OR = 3.490); 4) A mother's neutral attitude to toward child’s alcohol consumption (OR = 1.439); 5) positive peer attitude towards alcohol consumption at college; 6) neutral peer attitude towards alcohol consumption at college; 7) peer rate of alcohol consumption; and, 8) high impulsivity levels.Conclusion: A variety of factors including family, peers, and impulsive personality traits affect college student drinking behavior. Education efforts regarding alcohol-related health and targeted interventions may reduce the college student drinking behavior.

Prior research has shown that normative perceptions of others' drinking behavior strongly relates to one's own drinking behavior. Most research examining the perceived drinking of others has generally focused on specificity of the normative referent (i.e., gender, ethnicity). The present study expands the research literature on social norms by examining normative perceptions by various drinking contexts. Specifically, this research aimed to determine if college students overestimate peer drinking by several drinking contexts (i.e., bar, fraternity/sorority party, non-fraternity/sorority party, sporting event) and to examine whether normative perceptions for drinking by contexts relate to one's own drinking behavior specific to these contexts. Students (N = 1,468; 56.4% female) participated in a web-based survey by completing measures assessing drinking behavior and perceived descriptive drinking norms for various contexts. Findings demonstrated that students consistently overestimated the drinking behavior for the typical same-sex student in various drinking contexts, with the most prominent being fraternity/sorority parties. In addition, results indicated that same-sex normative perceptions for drinking by contexts were associated with personal drinking behavior within these contexts. Results stress the importance of specificity of social norms beyond those related to the normative referent. Clinical implications are discussed in terms of preventions and intervention efforts as well as risks associated with drinking in a novel context.

Alcohol-related harm has gained increased attention in high-income countries (HICs) in recent years which, alongside government regulation, has effected a reduction in alcohol consumption. The alcohol industry has turned its...

The physical exercise behavior of college students is closely related to their physical and mental health. Research has shown that social support and psychological capital are related to college students' physical exercise behavior, but their correlation needs further exploration. This study seeks to investigate the relationship between social support, psychological capital and university students' physical exercise behavior, with a further in-depth analysis of the mediating roles played by psychological capital within this dynamic. Using cluster sampling, we surveyed 359 college students in Southwest University, employing the Sports Activity Level Scale (SALS), the Positive Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PPCQ), the Social Support Scale (SSS). Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 and STATA 17.0, and common method bias was tested using Harman's single-factor test. The significance of the mediation effects was tested using the Kohler, Karlson, and Breen (KHB). (1) Peer support (P < 0.01), teacher support (P < 0.01), family support (P < 0.05), and psychological capital (P < 0.05) are significantly correlated with college students' physical exercise behavior. (2) Social support positively correlates with the positive psychological capital of college students (P < 0.01). The indirect effects of peer, teacher, and family support on college students' physical exercise behavior through psychological capital account for 87.34%, 36.95%, and 30.69% of the total effect. (3) According to the regression coefficient, social support is ranked as peer support (0.11), teacher support (0.10), and family support (0.09). Social support shows a positive association with college students' physical exercise behavior and also demonstrates a significant correlation with it through psychological capital. Teacher support in the school living environment is equally important, and future research should focus on developing the role of family support.

Studies of alcohol use often depend on self-reported alcohol intake measured by quantity/frequency questionnaires. Previous research has shown that alcohol consumption may be underestimated by this type of retrospective questionnaire. The primary aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of an Alcohol Use Questionnaire (AUQ) with a 4-week diary account. A further aim was to explore patterns of drinking in young social drinkers, with particular attention to binge drinking, which has been suggested as a factor in increasing the risk of alcohol dependency. University students completed the AUQ in the laboratory. They were then asked to keep a record of their alcohol, nicotine and caffeine consumption over a 4-week period (diary). The questionnaire and the diaries were compared on factors of alcohol intake (units per week) and patterns of drinking behaviour (speed of drinking, number of times being drunk and percentage of times getting drunk when drinking). The two measures (AUQ and diary) were highly correlated on alcohol consumption and the other questions relating to drinking behaviour. However, differences were found between the two measures on alcohol intake, speed of drinking (drinks per hour) and number of times being drunk. Alcohol consumption was underestimated by approximately 12% on the questionnaire, and, when the accuracy of estimation of drinking habits was examined, it was found that high drinkers tended to underestimate their drinking behaviour, whereas lower drinkers tended to overestimate. The results suggest that the AUQ can be used with a reasonable degree of confidence, bearing in mind the tendency for high drinkers to underestimate consumption and drinking behaviour. Relationships between 'binge scores', beverage specificity and alcohol consumption support the idea that the criteria for binge drinkers should be based on patterns of drinking rather than alcohol consumption.

Little is known about the drinking behaviour of South African university students and education and prevention campaigns are not necessarily based on scientific research results. To change drinking behaviour, it is important to address the drinking motives, alcohol outcome expectancies, and alcohol-related behaviour that hold valence in education and prevention campaigns. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the drinking behaviour of South African university students, and to make recommendations towards the development of persuasive communications that will address drinking motives and alcohol outcomes. The measurement instruments used in the study included the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), the Drinking Expectancy Questionnaire Revised (DEQ-R), and the Drinking Motives Questionnaire Revised (DMQ-R). Data (n=474) were collected from university students from a single campus in South Africa. The data analyses included independent sample t-tests, ANOVA and partial least squares modelling. The results indicate that students expect an element of tension reduction and an increase in sexual interest when consuming alcohol and that they primarily drink for social and enhancement motives. The influence of positive alcohol outcome expectancies on drinking behaviour is mediated by social and enhancement motives. The study’s findings can be used by universities to develop effective education and responsible drinking programmes.

In most Western countries young people adopt lifestyles that adversely affect their health, thus increasing the risk of premature onset of chronic diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare patterns of habits in pre-university and university students in west-central area of Madrid. Descriptive longitudinal study with randomly selected students from Madrid in Madrid universities and schools-institutes. Accepting to participate 1590 students of both sex: 653 males (4,1%) and 937 women (58,9%). To facilitate the study were classified into ≤ 17 years (pre university) and ≥ 18 years (university). BMI, physical activity, alcohol consumption and negative habits with regard to food consumption was studied. Almost 80% have normal weight, are more active pre-university. Gender differences were observed, which should guide the actions of intervention in terms of physical activity or habits. It seems essential to make nutritional programs as well as psychosocial intervention in adolescents and youth to prevent and / or reduce alcohol consumption.

The aim of the research is to identify the prevailing behavior and dietary habits of the preparatory year female students at Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, and to achieve this, the study was conducted on a sample of (290) students of the preparatory year female students at Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University. Behavior questionnaire was applied to them to identify their prevailing behavior and dietary habits. The results of the study indicated that the general nutritional level of the respondent mean (3.30) and standard deviation (403). In addition, there were no statistically significant differences attributed to the college variable (Humanity, Scientific).

Research on the influencing mechanism between parenting styles and pro-social behavior still needs to be advanced. The purpose of the research is to examine how paternal rearing styles, empathy and psychological capital relate to the pro-social behaviors of Chinese lower-division undergraduate students. Four questionnaires were used to measure 488 Chinese lower-division undergraduate students. These were the Short-form Parenting Style Questionnaire in Chinese (S-EMBU-C), the Pro-Social Behavior Scale (Chinese version), The Interpersonal Response Pointer Scale (Chinese version), and the Positive Psychological Capital Questionnaire. The results found that: (1) Correlations between paternal rearing styles and empathy, psychological capital, and pro-social behavior of Chinese lower-division undergraduate students; (2) The mediating role of empathy and psychological capital between active paternal rearing styles and pro-social behavior was not significant; (3) Empathy and psychological capital mediated significantly between negative paternal rearing styles and pro-social behavior. The study fills gaps in previous research and guides schools and families, making it theoretically and practically significant.

ObjectiveAdolescents' alcohol consumption has lifetime adverse physical and mental health effects. Family environment factors have a significant influence in shaping adolescents' beliefs and habits. We conducted the multicenter cross-sectional study aiming to investigate the association between family environment factors and adolescent drinking behavior in China.MethodsThe study investigated 27,762 middle school students from Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Jinan, Chengdu, and Harbin. A logistic regression model was used to explore the association between family environmental factors and adolescent drinking behavior. Participants were asked to self-report previous experiences of drinking and getting drunk to access their drinking status. Factors of family environment related to alcohol consumption included: parents' educational level, family economic status, family composition, the number of times parents drank alcohol in the past 30 days, and parents' attitudes toward their drinking behavior. The logistic regression model was used to adjust the demographic confounders, including gender, age, city, location, and smoking status, and to explore the association between family environmental factors and adolescent alcohol drinking behaviors.ResultsCompared with students whose parents prohibited drinking, students who were approved drinking were more likely to drink in this year (OR = 16.544, 95%CI:15.265–17.929, P < 0.001; Full adjustment: OR = 13.111, 95% CI: 12.031–14.288, P < 0.001), drink in this month (OR = 7.791, 95% CI: 7.077–8.565, P < 0.001; Full adjustment: OR = 6.010, 95% CI: 5.439–6.641, P < 0.001). In addition, Low family economic status, not living with the mother, parents' ambivalent attitudes toward their children's drinking and parental drinking were risk factors for drinking among middle school students.ConclusionThe family environment, especially parents' attitudes, is associated with students' drinking and drunken behavior. Mobilizing the power of parents may play a positive role in the effective prevention and control of adolescent drinking.

Online gaming is one of the major trends today and is one of the most common source of entertainment for people specially students. However, it can be addictive and may have negative effect to students. This study described the college students’ experiences in online gaming addiction. Also, it described the domains of study skills and habits of college students in terms of attitude, time management, goal setting, class preparation, and exam preparation. Further, it determined the relationships of college students’ sex and year level with their online gaming experiences and the domains of study skills and habits. This study used the descriptive method. The researcher circulated a survey questionnaire with Likert-scale responses to a total of 115 college students consisting of 40 male students and 75 female students which year levels are 30 first year, 34 second year, 22 third year and 29 fourth year students. Based on the results of the study, the researcher concluded that college students’ experiences in online gaming are as follows: they are not comfortable limiting their game time, they are bored when they do not play online games, they forgot to eat and they have stolen for gaming. However, college students did not necessarily neglect their responsibilities in school. In term of study skill and habits, the researcher concluded that college students have positive attitude to learn new things from school. They can start studying and they can keep it going. They do review practice problems to prepare for their class. Likewise, college students can adjust their study methods in terms of exam preparation. However, it is also concluded that they have on average goal setting plan though they are setting high standards for themselves in school. Furthermore, their sex and year level have nothing to do with their online gaming experiences and their study skills and habits. Same with their online gaming experiences are not associated with their study skills and habits. Since online gaming can be addicting, the researcher recommends that a school intervention should be done for the college students from where their experiences on it are quite alarming. Further study can be conducted focusing on the compulsive and obsessive behaviors of college students in relation to online gaming. Though positive results are present in terms of the study skills and habits of students, it is still recommended to have continuous monitoring not only of their skills and habits but on their academic performance in terms of academic grades, problems and deficiencies.