Abstract
Clanek pojednava o vývoji fragmentace a jednoty světove ekonomiky s ohledem na jeji hlavni centra (Evropa/EU, východni Asie, Amerika). Z pohledu probihajici multilateralni liberalizace se světova ekonomika formovala po druhe světove valce zprvu jako relativně jednotna. Avsak po zesileni regionalizace v 90. letech se silnějsi fragmentace projevuje jako přirozený prvek globalizace světove ekonomiky v podobě. tzv. noveho regionalismu. Z hlediska teorie lze fragmentacni proces vysvětlit Vinerovou teorii celni unie, později i dominovou teorii regionalismu rozvijenou řadou autorů. Pokud jde o jednotliva centra, Evropa, navzdory soucasne diferenciaci je jednotnějsi než jine regiony. Avsak diky svemu konceptu hluboke integrace, odklonu obchodu prameniciho z vysokeho stupně interniho obchodu, Evropa přispiva spise ke světove fragmentaci. Východni Asie představovana ASEAN setrvava u mělke integrace, ktera spolupracuje s neclenskými zeměmi. Tato skupina nyni nejlepe splňuje charakteristiku otevřeneho regionalismu, jenž neposiluje fragmentaci světove ekonomiky. Americka oblast je dosud relativně fragmentovana navzdory snaze USA vytvořit sirsi zonu integrace po vzoru NAFTA. Americký region se jevi vice otevřený než Evropa vzhledem k podilu intratrade, avsak jeho integracni struktura se dosud vyviji, s nejistým dopadem na řeseni rozporu mezi světovou fragmentaci a jednotou.
Highlights
From the outline given above it is obvious that the world economy have gradually changed its shape with respect to its structure
Its original fragmented structure determined by individual national states relatively isolated by the political and economic development resulting from World War II gradually transformed into a new arrangement
In spite of some suggestions in the shape of regional centres created, until 1980 there was a relative unity of the world economy in the process of multilateral liberalisation reached through the wide spectrum of economic links as an accompanying feature of globalization
Summary
The post-war fragmentation of the world economy was gradually eroded by the escalating globalization trends, which built the base of economic activities beyond the level of national states. This enlargement of the bloc increases the costs for the non-members as the number of rivals with the preferential market access has grown. They show that the global free trade is a unique equilibrium outcome if the aggregate welfare under the global free trade existence is higher than under the existence of any combination of bilateral and regional trade agreements (Aghion – Antrás – Helpman, 2004)2 From another point of view, the theoretical approaches dealing with regionalism (or world economy fragmentation) can be distinguished with respect to its „new“ and „old“ development level Some authors note that the theoretical analyses are relatively incoherent and eclectic in comparison with the”elegant” Viner-Meade or Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model (Burfisher – Robinson – Thierfelder, 2003, p. 20)
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