FPGA Implementation and Performance Evaluation of Classic PID, IMC and DTC for BLDC Motor Control

Due to the nonlinearity of brushless direct current (BLDC) motor, it is difficult to obtain satisfied control characteristics using proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. A novel adaptive fuzzy control method based on high performance speed control is proposed in this paper, which combines an adaptive parameter adjustment mechanism with fuzzy controller to solve the problems of non-linearity, parameter variations and load excursions that occur in the BLDC motor drive system. The adaptive parameter adjustment mechanism can give better quantization and proportion factors of the fuzzy controller when there are variations in motor parameters or load, hence the fuzzy control rules are changed. The adaptive fuzzy control system is simulated in matlab with the changes of motor parameters and load, the control performance of the traditional PID controller is compared with the adaptive fuzzy controller. The comparison results indicate that the adaptive fuzzy control system has stronger robust and self-adaptive ability, faster response time, and zero overshoot and steady state error, which can satisfy the request of the BLDC motor control system. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v12i5.4950

This paper describes the Adaptive PID (APID) controller design for speed control preference of Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor over the Proportional Integrative Derivative (PID) controller. A methodology of the Adaptive PID controller is proposed, which tunes the parameters automatically. Modeling of the BLDC motor was carried out using PID and Adaptive PID controller, respectively. The behavior of the BLDC motor is analyzed without a controller and by using the conventional PID controller and the new APID controller. Hence the result obtained is analyzed and compared by taking two cases. In the first case of constant speed, the PID controller gave large variability in the initial speed and could not track the desired speed. Also, applied torque could not track the desired speed due to a significant deviation in the actual motor speed. Whereas, in the case of APID, the controller gave small variability in the initial speed and could track the desired motor speed. In the second case of variable speed, the PID controller produced a random response at a variable speed. Whereas, in APID, the controller had an accurate response at variable speed, with no deviation. The result obtained shows that the APID controller provides effective, easier, and fast controlling of the BLDC motor. The output response of the BLDC motor is achieved, and the result is analyzed with the help of utilizing MATLAB and SIMULINK. Background: The BLDC motor is considerably used in the home, transportation, and industrial application. Objective: Comparative analysis of modeling and control of BLDC motor drives for the variable required speed. Methods: PID and APID controllers are used in this paper to operate the BLDC motor. Results: A Fixed and variable speed response of both APID and PID controlled BLDC motor is obtained. Conclusion: Response of the speed control of APID controlled BLDC motor is superior to PID controlled BLDC motor at variable speed.

In the field of dynamic applications, specifically within automotive, pumping, and rolling sectors, there exists a noteworthy preference for the use of Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motors. Projections show that, by the year 2030, BLDC motors are poised to supersede classic induction motors as the dominating force in industrial power transmission. This transformation, however, is accompanied by crucial issues and unresolved research challenges in the environment of BLDC motors. The core concern revolves around the dependability and endurance of BLDC motors. These motors presently encounter obstacles in achieving advanced fault tolerance, reduced electromagnetic interference, lowered acoustic noise, as well as mitigated flux and torque fluctuations. The path of closed-loop vector control emerges as a possible technique to address these challenges. In recent literature studies spanning the previous five years, a striking scarcity of exploration in the domain of BLDC motor controllers and design becomes clear. Furthermore, key areas such as the comparative study of existing vector control schemes, the increase of fault tolerance control, the attenuation of electromagnetic interference inside BLDC motor controllers, and other pivotal elements remain undiscovered. These research lacunae serve as a motivator for the undertaking of an intensive investigation to face the fundamental issues related with BLDC motors. BLDC motors have quickly become the motor of choice for electric vehicle (EV) applications due to the fact that they are reliable, simple, and energy efficient. This detailed survey goes deep into numerous sophisticated control strategies for BLDC motors. These encompass fault tolerance control, electromagnetic interference reduction, field orientation control (FOC), direct torque control (DTC), current shaping, input voltage control, intelligent control, drive-inverter topology, and the underlying operational principles aimed at the minimization of torque irregularities. Additionally, the study goes through the historical narrative of BLDC motors, the categorization of BLDC motor kinds, their structural complexity, mathematical modeling, and the standards that govern BLDC motor uses in varied industries

Brushless direct current (BLDC) motors are mostly preferred for dynamic applications such as automotive industries, pumping industries, and rolling industries. It is predicted that by 2030, BLDC motors will become mainstream of power transmission in industries replacing traditional induction motors. Though the BLDC motors are gaining interest in industrial and commercial applications, the future of BLDC motors faces indispensable concerns and open research challenges. Considering the case of reliability and durability, the BLDC motor fails to yield improved fault tolerance capability, reduced electromagnetic interference, reduced acoustic noise, reduced flux ripple, and reduced torque ripple. To address these issues, closed-loop vector control is a promising methodology for BLDC motors. In the literature survey of the past five years, limited surveys were conducted on BLDC motor controllers and designing. Moreover, vital problems such as comparison between existing vector control schemes, fault tolerance control improvement, reduction in electromagnetic interference in BLDC motor controller, and other issues are not addressed. This encourages the author in conducting this survey of addressing the critical challenges of BLDC motors. Furthermore, comprehensive study on various advanced controls of BLDC motors such as fault tolerance control, Electromagnetic interference reduction, field orientation control (FOC), direct torque control (DTC), current shaping, input voltage control, intelligent control, drive-inverter topology, and its principle of operation in reducing torque ripples are discussed in detail. This paper also discusses BLDC motor history, types of BLDC motor, BLDC motor structure, Mathematical modeling of BLDC and BLDC motor standards for various applications. Key Words: Brushless direct current, industries, direct torque control.

Brushless direct current (BLDC) motors are mostly preferred for dynamic applications such as automotive industries, pumping industries, and rolling industries. It is predicted that by 2030, BLDC motors will become mainstream of power transmission in industries replacing traditional induction motors. Though the BLDC motors are gaining interest in industrial and commercial applications, the future of BLDC motors faces indispensable concerns and open research challenges. Considering the case of reliability and durability, the BLDC motor fails to yield improved fault tolerance capability, reduced electromagnetic interference, reduced acoustic noise, reduced flux ripple, and reduced torque ripple. To address these issues, closed-loop vector control is a promising methodology for BLDC motors. In the literature survey of the past five years, limited surveys were conducted on BLDC motor controllers and designing. Moreover, vital problems such as comparison between existing vector control schemes, fault tolerance control improvement, reduction in electromagnetic interference in BLDC motor controller, and other issues are not addressed. This encourages the author in conducting this survey of addressing the critical challenges of BLDC motors. Furthermore, comprehensive study on various advanced controls of BLDC motors such as fault tolerance control, Electromagnetic interference reduction, field orientation control (FOC), direct torque control (DTC), current shaping, input voltage control, intelligent control, drive-inverter topology, and its principle of operation in reducing torque ripples are discussed in detail. This paper also discusses BLDC motor history, types of BLDC motor, BLDC motor structure, Mathematical modeling of BLDC and BLDC motor standards for various applications.

The concept of an ideal Brushless DC (BLDC) motor which has adjustable rotor magnetic field offers an opportunity for wider BLDC area of implementation as a very versatile electric powerhouse especially in variable load areas such as on electric vehicle or other people movers. Characterized by its high-efficiency level, low maintenance and long service duration, the lack of physical commutation brush like in regular DC motor dictates the requirement of an electronic control system to regulates its commutation.
 
 An electronic control system equipped with rotor field control capability in a collaboration with an ideal BLDC motor, is believed to offers wider implementation opportunity. Unlike a normal BLDC motor which has a standard power curved characterized with maximum power is only achievable in one specific speed, if properly controlled will have an adjustable maximum power in a wide range of rotational speed. 
 
 This study proposes a novel approach to an ideal BLDC implementation through novel electronic speed controller with rotor field control in addition to normal standard motor power control. As there is no such thing as an ideal BLDC motor at the current moment, an automotive generator which has an electromagnetic rotor is converted to become a BLDC motor as an effort to approach the ideal BLDC motor concept. Field weakening, the term used for adjusting rotor magnetic field in induction motor control, is adopted as the term for adjusting the BLDC rotor field in operation. Further, a novel an electronic control system is developed which special features to also control the rotor magnetic field.
 
 The converted generator has been found to able to function like an ideal BLDC motor, by adjusting the electromagnetic rotor in its operation. It has been found to be able to provides maximum motor power within a wide range of rotational speed. Through rotor field adjustment, the converted generator provides a real-time versatile capability of allocating its power to either the high torque at low motor speed or to a very high speed at minimum torque. 39% to 81% operational efficiency levels have been achieved during the experiment, rendering the performance level of the converted generator and controller way above brushed DC motor and in par with most of standard BLDC motor.
 
 The Field Weakening control has also been found to be useable for speed control. Further, a Proportional – Integral close-loop speed regulation has also been developed for both motor and rotor control and was found to be able to works subsequently with seamless transition between each other.

In order to improve the performance of BLDC motor system , a brushless direct current (BLDC) motor FOC control system based on LPIDBP neural network is designed in this paper, which combining LPIDBP neural network with field orientation control (FOC) strategy. The control strategy and implementation method are put forward, and the system simulation model is established. The simulation results show the control performance of designed BLDC motor FOC control system is good, the torque ripple and speed ripple is small. STM32F103B is used as the main control chip to design the BLDC motor FOC control system test platform, and a BLDC motor monitoring system is designed by VB(Visual Basic). The contrast testing speed curves from monitoring system show the best performance of BLDC motor FOC control system based on LPIDBP neural network ,the system response is the fastest, the speed ripple is the smallest, and the operation is the stablest.

Th e brushless DC motor is widely used in industrial application for its different advantages over other conventional motors, however high performance motor drives require fast and accurate speed response of the system, quick recovery of speed from any disturbance and sensitivity to motor parameters variation. To operate the motor with proper reference speed different controllers are used in industrial application. In this work a comparative study on performance of different controllers for speed control of BLDC (Brushless DC) Motor is presented. A Fractional order fuzzy-PID (FOFPID) controller is developed based on fractional calculus and fuzzy technology. Performance of the BLDC motor using FOFPID is observed and compared with the classical PI, PID and fuzzy-PI controllers in terms of rise time, peak overshoot and settling time. Different conditions are considered to check the performance of motor (viz. fixed load & fixed reference speed to study basic performance of motor, time varying reference speed & fixed load to study dynamic performance of motor and time varying load & fixed reference speed to study the disturbance rejection capability of motor) . MATLAB/SIMULINK environment is used to carry out the following investigation.

Brushless direct current (BLDC) motor with the high power density and the high efficiency characteristic is been used to electric vehicle. The mathematical model of BLDC motor under rotor flux linkage direction reference frame was given. The chart of field-weakening vector control and basic principle of field-weakening control strategy were analyzed. The theory of field-weakening based on reactive power with BLDC motor was proposed. The drive system of field-weakening based on reactive power using BLDC motor was designed. The experiment and result was test the validity of field-weakening based on reactive power with BLDC for electric vehicle application.

Currently, brushless direct current (BLDC) motors are becoming popular in electric vehicles, automation systems and industrial applications. Basically, the BLDC motors are a special type of electronically controlled electric motor systems. In fact, the successful advancement of electronic technology has made these motors a reality. Without an electronic controller, it is impracticable to run this motor. Thus, it is easily conceivable that the motor controller plays an important role in the overall performance of BLDC motors. Many types of controllers have already been developed for these motors. However, poor efficiency, complexity, bulky size, slow response time, etc. are still challenging tasks to solve these problems. Various algorithms are proposed for designing the controller. Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is the most common control system for the BLDC motor. If the PID controller is modified with a new algorithm, better results can be obtained from the BLDC motor. In this study, a Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) has been proposed for the controller to control the speed of BLDC motor. The best outcome of this research is stable is speed and reduce rising time. This study was done by using MATLAB/ Simulink software. The results show a new direction in the improvement of the controller design.

Electric vehicles are currently being developed with the concept of saving energy and environmentally responsible. Electric vehicles use electric motors as the main driving motor. The electric motor which is currently increasingly used is the Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor. The BLDC motor controller is more expensive than the price of the BLDC motor itself. The BLDC motor controller has a working temperature range when working. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of variations in load values and the speed of electric vehicles on the temperature of the BLDC motor controller. This research was conducted by the experimental method by giving a treatment, then evaluating the effect caused on an object of research. The results showed that there was an influence of load value variations on the BLDC motor controller temperature. Values that look significant are at speeds of 0.5 m/sec and 2.5 m/sec starting from 3 kg to 5 kg. There is no influence on the variation of speed values on the temperature of the BLDC motor controller. The temperature value is stable at 2 kg and 3 kg loads with speed variations from 0.5 m/sec to 2.5 m/sec. Simultaneously variations in load and speed values affect the temperature of the BLDC motor controller by 57.7% with the lowest temperature value at 0.5 m/s and a load of 1 kg with a temperature of 33.34℃ and the highest temperature value at a speed of 2.5 m/sec and a load of 5 kg with a temperature of 37.58℃. Keywords: Electric vehicles, controllers, BLDC motors, temperature.

Brushless DC (BLDC) motor has been widely used in various fields like automotive, aerospace etc., due to its low noise, high efficiency and reliability. However, it is because of BLDC motor's high reliability and longevity that degradation problems arising from the deterioration of its structures/components in the long-term operation are often overlooked. This problem will directly affect its application systems' stability, reliability and safety, so it is necessary to perform health state evaluation and fault prediction for BLDC motor. To achieve this goal, vibration monitoring technique is adopted to analyze failure modes of BLDC motor based on fault tree analysis. Frequency-domain energy of vibration is taken as characteristic to represent degradation state and time series of motor's degraded state is obtained by feature extraction and other approaches. To rapidly and accurately predict BLDC motor's health condition, a comprehensive prediction model (Exponential Smoothing-Gray Model, ES-GM) is proposed in this paper on the basis of full use of their respective advantages. Through testing, the proposed model has higher prediction accuracy than two single models, which can be well used in early fault prediction for BLDC motor. Finally, a quantitative damage determination model is proposed to quantitatively analyze the damage degree of faults in BLDC motor based on predicted results of GM(1,1) and ES-GM. This research can greatly help to evaluate motor's health state, formulate maintenance strategies and reduce safety risks.

This paper proposes the design method on the notch structure of stator tooth to reduce the cogging torque of the single-phase brushless Direct Current (BLDC) Motor. The single phase BLDC motors generates the dead-point causing a starting failure. This problem is solved by using an asymmetric air-gap structure. However, the asymmetric air-gap structure increases the cogging torque causing a noise and vibration of BLDC motor. Therefore, the reduction of cogging torque is essential to improve the performance of BLDC motor. This study for reducing the cogging torque of BLDC motors applies to notch structure of stator because of ease of application and low cost. In this paper, Availability on reduction of cogging torque of the asymmetric notch is proved by using two-notches. Then, the reduction of cogging torque is proved by using the finite element analysis(FEA).

A Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor has been widely used due to the high efficiency, durability, easy maintenance, and winding dynamically faster than a brushed direct current motor. The objectives of this research are to investigate and analyze the efficiency of function and the response of BLDC motor in the neighbor of speed response. The simulation of BLDC motor was established in the mathematical model as the state space model which was in the first order of differential equations as well as the analysis in time domain and in the signal with Multi MIMO simulation. The investigation in the behavior of BLDC motor is classified to two cases, load motor and non-load motor, with testing for BLDC motor, rated voltage (24 V), rotational speed (3,000 rmp). The simulation results showed that the load supply for motor resulted in the decrease in the rotational speed but the increase in the current. Therefore, the load supplied for BLDC motor affects the motor's response behavior in term of rotational speed decreasing and current increasing.

This paper presents the analysis of harmonic effect caused by driving system of the brushless DC (BLDC) motor. The constant ratio of voltage per frequency can result various voltage and current harmonics depended on the modulation index or duty cycle. The losses of the BLDC motor result the rising temperature. The LC filter was designed to meet the BLDC motor on total harmonic distortion reduction. The BLDC motor operates with 40 kHz switching frequency, the experimental of 10 kW BLDC motor was investigated to find out how harmonic and THD can affect the motor loss. Three liter of water was circled as water cooling on the motor. The experimental showed that the operation at higher voltage introduces lower THD, also lower loss, where the LC filter results lower motor temperature compared to without LC filter.