Abstract
AbstractBiofluid spectroscopy is an emerging technology in the field of clinical investigation, providing a simple way to extract diagnostic and observational information from easy to acquire samples. Infrared spectroscopy is well suited to analyse a large range of biofluid samples, including blood and its derivatives, due to flexible sampling modes and high sensitivity to subtle biological changes. As the technology advances towards the clinic, factors influencing successful clinical translation are becoming apparent. Here, we provide a tutorial for effective biofluid spectroscopy study design, discussing sample and instrument parameters, as well as clinical considerations. The aim is to present the current understanding of clinical translation in the field of biofluid spectroscopy, and to facilitate other clinical applications to advance to the clinic.image
Highlights
Applications of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy have been rapidly expanding beyond simple structural characterisation of molecules, regardless of their chemical or biological contexts [1,2,3]
Vibrations are represented in the mid-IR range, the advantages offered by FTIR are not solely attributed to its intrinsic fundamental principles and operational simplicity and analytical sophistication [4]
A comparison of FTIR spectroscopy and commonly employed biofluid techniques including the Biuret immunoassay method, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) assay and electrophoresis techniques is displayed within Table 1; which outlines the time required at each analysis step, sample volume size and limit of detection
Summary
Applications of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy have been rapidly expanding beyond simple structural characterisation of molecules, regardless of their chemical or biological contexts [1,2,3]. FTIR spectroscopy may be performed with different sampling modalities for biofluid applications, either utilising attenuated total reflection (ATR-FTIR), transmission, or transflectance mode approaches. QCL's have important implications for biofluid applications, allowing increased sensitivity and improved spectral characterisation of liquid samples, as well as the ability to interrogate samples at discrete frequencies for multi-component quantification and reduced analysis time.
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