Formulation and optimization of Dryopteris cochleata extract-laden liposomes for immunostimulant activity in rats: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

Introduction: Azadirachta indica (Neem) is one of the widely used plants which has various medicinal properties like antipyretic, antimicrobial, antitumour, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer and antidiabetic effects. Silymarin-a milk thistle derivative has its own clinical significance. Sodium Benzoate (SB) is a versatile food preservative used in packaged food and drink industries which is consumed by the people unknowingly above World Health Organisation (WHO) standards which causes potential cytotoxicity. Aim: To evaluate the effect of Azadirachta indica leaf extract and the combination effect of Azadirachta indica leaf extract (Neem) with Silymarin against SB induced hepatorenal toxicity in adult male albino wistar rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental interventional animal study was conducted at Central Animal House at Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, India from July 2021 to August 2021 for a period of 14 days. Total 30 male wistar rats were randomised into five groups with six rats into each group. The groups were Group 1 Control received only distilled water, Group 2 SB 200 mg/kg bw (SB) alone, Group 3 SB+Silymarin 100 mg/kg bw, Group 4 SB+ Azadirachta indica aqueous extract 400 mg/kg bw, Group 5 SB+Silymarin 100 mg/ kg bw+Azadirachta indica aqueous extract 400 mg/kg bw for 14 days through oral gavage. Doses and duration were determined based on previous studies. Blood was drawn from a retroorbital puncture, animals were sacrificed by euthanasia, a part of Liver and Kidney samples were sent for histopathological examination-cell structure, integrity, inflammation. Biochemical parameters of liver function tests-Serum Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Serum Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and Kidney function tests: urea, creatinine and uric acid were measured in serum. Statistical analysis were done by one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet’s post-hoc test used for intergroup comparison, p-value <0.05 considered to be significant. Results: There was a significant increase in the activities of liver enzymes ALT, AST, ALP and kidney function (creatinine, uric acid) in the SB alone treated group when compared with the control group. Hepatorenal protection of Neem extract was shown by significant decrease in liver and renal parameters which was comparable to that of control and Silymarin standard drug. Combination of silymarin and neem showed significant protection in liver (ALT, AST, ALP) and kidney function (urea, creatinine, uric acid) when compared to neem alone treated group. All the results were substantiated by histopathological examination of liver and kidney tissues. Conclusion: This study suggests effect of Azadirachta indica leaf extract with Silymarin possess hepatorenoprotective effect against SB induced damage in rats. Combination effect of Azadirachta indica leaf extract with Silymarin significantly proved the hepatorenal protectivity when compared with Neem alone treated group.

The effect of administration of methanol extract of T. orientalis leaf on liver function parameters and histology of cadmium induced toxicity in Wistar rats was investigated. In the study, 125 male Wistar albino rats weighing 180 ± 10.00 g were randomly grouped into 5 groups (A - E) with twenty-five (25) rats in each group. Group A rats were administered distilled water and feed only and served as control. Group B rats were given oral administration of 10 mg/kg body weight of Cadmium (Cd), while group C rats were administered 100 mg/kg body weight of methanol extract of T. orientalis leaf. Group D and E rats were concurrently given orally, 10 mg/kg body weight of Cd with 100 mg/kg body weight and 200 mg/kg body weight extract respectively. The serum total protein, albumin and bilirubin concentration and the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in Cd-treated group. Though the concentration of total protein and albumin in serum showed insignificant increase following the immediate co- administration of Cd and the extract, further administration up to the final day resulted in significant (P < 0.05) increased in these parameters. The activity of the serum ALT significantly increased following co-treatment with Cd and the leaves extract. Also the serum concentration of total and conjugated bilirubin were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased on co-administration of Cd and the extract when compared with the Cd administration. Histological examination revealed congestion of the group hepatic venule, with blood cells in the hepatocytes accompanied with hypercellularity and diffused cellular balloon. Also there was degeneration and necrosis of hepatic cells in the Cd group. In contrast, the administration of the leaves extract to rats reversed the adverse effect of Cd to the rats. Continuous administration of the plant extract alone caused a mild toxicity in rats liver tissues. This is an indication that dose regulation is critical to monitoring the T. orientalis therapy. Relatively, the plant extract demonstrated a reasonable level of ability to alleviate the risk of Cd toxicity in rats.

BackgroundAminoglycoside antibiotics, gentamicin (GM) owns the utmost nephrotoxic potential than other antibiotics from the same category. To the other side, diosgenin (DG) showed the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property.ResultsThe present study was aimed to explore the nephroprotective effect of diosgenin on gentamicin-induced renal toxicity in Wistar rats. Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups (n = 6): Normal control (NC), Nephrotoxicity control (GM), DG (20 mg/kg), DG (40 mg/kg), DG (80 mg/kg), accordingly. After the treatment, the nephroprotective effects of DG were assessed by measuring serum levels of creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total proteins (TP), albumin and urea levels. Urine volume, proteins, electrolyte levels, creatinine clearance were also evaluated in urine samples. Oxidative stress was evaluated through the measurement of antioxidant stress markers in the kidney tissue. Changes in body weight and kidney weight were also recorded along with a histopathological examination of kidney sections. For evaluation of inflammation, TNF-α and IL-1β levels were measured in the blood serum using ELISA kits. GM intoxication induced elevated serum creatinine, BUN, urea, albumin and TP levels, urine electrolytes levels, pro-inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant parameters which were found to be decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner in rat groups received DG which was also evidenced by the histological observations.ConclusionDG showed a significant nephroprotective effect in a dose-dependent manner by ameliorating the GM induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats.

Background Environmental toxicants have become a major source of health hazards to humans, thereby negatively impacting the health and overall well-being of exposed individuals. Among these environmental toxicants, heavy metals stand out as the major cause of tissue pathologies and threaten an individual’s health status. One such heavy metal is cadmium (CD) whose exposure has been linked to various tissue toxicities including nervous, respiratory, reproductive, cardiovascular, hepatic and renal tissues. Cadmium is a non-biodegradable heavy metallic which possesses a long half of lifestyles and comfortably accumulates inside the tissues in which it produces tissue toxicities main to tissue disorder. The present study was aimed to determine the amelioration capabilities of Vitamin C, E and Zinc from the harmful effects of CD in Wistar rats. Methods The Wistar strain male albino rats weighing 225±10 g were administered with CD along co-administered with Vitamin C, E and Zinc, individually and also in combinations. After the completion of 45-days of experimentation, certain specific enzymatic parameters were assayed in plasma serum to assess the impact of CD and protective effect of Vitamin C, E and Zinc. Results Soon after the co-administration of CD along with Vitamin C, E and Zinc, either individually and in combinations, Body weights, liver weight and histo-somatic index (HSI) of liver and certain specific enzymes of plasma including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine, glucose and urea were monitored. All the parameters monitored showed a significant (p&lt;0.05) increase during CD administration except ALP. All the parameters selected in the present study were shown to be significantly (p&lt;0.05) reversed due to co-administration of Vitamin C, E and Zinc either individually or in combination, due to the protective effect from CD toxicity in wistar rats. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that co-administration of Vitamin C, E and Zinc ably protects the toxicity of CD in Wistar rats significantly.

Aim: The present investigation has been conducted to evaluate the protective activity of Tephrosia purpurea extract (TPE) against arsenic induced toxicity. Materials and Methods: For this study, twenty four wistar albino rats were taken. Control group, group – I rats were given sodium arsenite @ 10 mg/kg and group – II rats were treated with TPE @ 500 mg/kg along with sodium arsenite @ 10 mg/kg (daily oral for 28 days). On 29th day animals were slaughtered and various parameters were determined. Serum biomarkers, haematological parameter analysis and histomorphological examination are carried out with estimation of arsenic concentration in tissues. Results: Oral administration of sodium arsenite @ 10 mg/kg for 28 days resulted in a significant decrease in Hb%, TEC and TLC, significant increase of serum glucose, cholesterol, calcium and significant increase in arsenic accumulation in tissues. Histopathological results of intestine revealed haemorrhagic enteritis along with loss of villi. Treatment with Tephrosia purpurea @ 500 mg/kg significantly decreased the elevated glucose, LDH levels, along with significant increase haematological levels towards normal. There was reduced haemorrhagic enteritis and presence of intact villi, as compared to arsenic treated group. But there was no significant difference in serum calcium, serum cholesterol and arsenic concentration in tissues, when compared with arsenic treated group. Conclusion: The study conclude that supplementation of TPE (500 mg/kg) daily oral for 28 days has shown protection against arsenic induced toxicity by its protective effect.

Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the in vivo immune protective potential of chloroform root extract of Sida schimperiana on E.coli 018:K1 induced peritonitis in albino Wistar rats. Methods: Acute toxicity of was performed by oral administration of S. schimperiana chloroform root extract (SSRCH) 5, 50, 300 and 2000mg/kg body of male albino Wistar and mortality was monitored for 14 days. Based on LD50, 1/10th, 1/5th cut-off values of the (SSRCH) plant extract was selected as a dose for E. coli induced peritonitis in albino Wistar rats. Wistar rats were pre-treated with 200 and 400mg/kg/bwt of SSRCH and Standard antibiotic Ofloxacin 5mg/Kg body weight was given oraly for a period of 7 days. The dosing regimens were started on day -1,-2, -3, 0, 1, 2 and 3 relative to the day of challenge (day 0) with 2×104 CFU of E. coli CFU/ml (i.p.) and mortality was monitored for 14 days. After the monitoring the mortality, the treated (Groups I-IV) rats were sacrificed, and assess the in vivo antibacterial activity of S. schimperiana chloroform root extract by determination of CFU/ml in peritoneal lavage fluid. Further SSRCH extract (400mg /kg bw) was analyzed by the neutrophil adhesion in Wistar rats for evaluated immunomodulatory activity. Results: In acute toxicity studies no mortality was observed for 24-48 hours. SSRCH extract 400mg (Group-IV) showed protection against E. coli induced peritonitis in albino Wistar rats by showing 60% survivability and also exhibited significantly increased percentage of neutrophils adhesion. i.e (25.74±2.351and 36.14±5.609) at 200 and 400mg/kg respectively. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the chloroform root extract of S. schimperiana had a significant amount of polyphenolic compounds and could serve as a potential source of natural antibacterial and Immunomodulatory agents for the development of therapeutic antibiotics with immunostimulatory activity in the treatment of intraperitoneal infections.

Ethylene glycol (CAS RN 107-21-1) can cause kidney toxicity via the formation of calcium oxalate crystals in a variety of species, including humans. Numerous repeated dose studies conducted in rats have indicated that male rats are more susceptible than female rats. Furthermore, subchronic and chronic studies using different dietary exposure regimens have indicated that male Wistar rats may be more sensitive to renal toxicity than male Fischer-344 (F-344) rats. This study was conducted to compare the toxicity of ethylene glycol in the two strains of rats under identical exposure conditions and to evaluate the potential contribution of toxicokinetic differences to strain sensitivity. Ethylene glycol was mixed in the diet at concentrations to deliver constant target dosage levels of 0, 50, 150, 500, or 1000 mg/kg/day for 16 weeks to groups of 10 male Wistar and 10 male F-344 rats based on weekly group mean body weights and feed consumption. Kidneys were examined histologically for calcium oxalate crystals and pathology. Samples of blood, urine, and kidneys from satellite animals exposed to 0, 150, 500, or 1000 mg/kg/day for 1 or 16 weeks were analyzed for ethylene glycol, glycolic acid, and oxalic acid. Treatment of Wistar rats at 1000 mg/kg/day resulted in the death of two rats; in addition, at 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day, group mean body weights were decreased compared to control throughout the 16 weeks. In F-344 rats exposed at 1000 mg/kg/day and in Wistar rats receiving 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day, there were lower urine specific gravities, higher urine volumes, and increased absolute and relative kidney weights. In both strains of rats treated at 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day, some or all treated animals had increased calcium oxalate crystals in the kidney tubules and crystal nephropathy. The effect was more severe in Wistar rats than in F-344 rats. Accumulation of oxalic acid in the kidneys of both strains of rats was consistent with the dose-dependent and strain-dependent toxicity. As the nephrotoxicity progressed over the 16 weeks, the clearance of ethylene glycol and its metabolites decreased, exacerbating the toxicity. Benchmark dose analysis indicated a BMDL05 for kidney toxicity in Wistar rats of 71.5 mg/kg/day; nearly fourfold lower than in F-344 rats (285 mg/kg/day). This study confirms that the Wistar rat is more sensitive to ethylene glycol-induced renal toxicity than the F-344 rat and indicates that metabolism or clearance plays a role in the strain differences.

Methotrexate (MTX) is one of the most widely used drugs in cancer chemotherapy and treating rheumatoid arthritis. The hepatotoxicity of MTX is one of its major side effects. Roflumilast (ROF) has been recognized to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in in-vivo and in-vitro models. The present study aimed to explore the potential protective effects of roflumilast against MTX-induced liver toxicity in male Wistar rats. High dose of 5 mg/kg for 4 consecutive days subcutaneous (S.C) injection of methotrexate for induction of acute liver injury. A total of 24 Wistar rats, rats were used in four different groups. The NS injections were given S.C to the control group once a day for 4 consecutive days. SC injections of MTX (5 mg/kg) were given to the MTX group daily for four days. At 5 mg/kg once daily for four days, the roflumilast group was given daily oral roflumilast. An injection of MTX and oral roflumilast were given to the MTX + roflumilast group once daily for four consecutive days. Administration of high dose MTX (5 mg/kg) today 4 produced a significant decrease in hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels and a significant increase in ALT and AST liver enzymes, hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor suppressor protein (p53), interleukin 6, interleukin 1 levels compared to the control group. Treatment with roflumilast for 4 days significantly attenuated unfavorable changes in these parameters. According to histopathological findings, Roflumilast significantly reduced MTX-induced inflammation and degeneration in the liver. In conclusion, the findings indicate that roflumilast may have a potential therapeutic benefit in treating rats with MTX-induced liver toxicity by mitigating its effects. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential protective effects of roflumilast against MTX-induced liver toxicity in Wistar rats.

: Background: Alcohol induced health problems have tormented the world population since time immemorial. This research work was done to study the therapeutic role of Tylophora indica ethanolic extract on alcohol induced anxiety in Wistar albino rats. Method: Wistar albino rats were administered 20% alcohol, orally twice a day for 30 days. The protective role of Tylophora indica ethanolic extract was evaluated by administering it at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight orally in alcohol treated animals for 30 days. Anxiety was assessed by elevated plus maze and light dark arena tests. After that, animals were sacrificed and brains were dissected out, to measure the levels of dopamine. To pinpoint the active constituent responsible for the anxiolytic activity, Tylophora indica ethanolic extract was subjected to HPLC-LCMS analysis. Results: Elevated plus maze and light dark arena tests showed that alcohol induced anxiety can be prevented by Tylophora indica ethanolic extract in Wistar albino rats. There was a significant increase in the levels of Dopamine in the brains of rats, which received Tylophora indica. From the HPLC-LCMS analysis report it is postulated that Tylophorinidine is the active constituent responsible for the anxiolytic activity of Tylophora indica ethanolic extract. Conclusion: Tylophora indica can mitigate the deleterious effect of alcohol in CNS.Key words: Alcohol, Wistar rats, Anxiety, Tylophora indica, Antianxiety, Tylophorinidine.

Objective: Herbal medicinal products play an important role in the management of liver diseases for the lack of satisfactory liver protective drugs in allopathic medical practices. Searching for hepatoprotective drugs with high efficacy and safety is of great need. Our aim is to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of aqueous extract of Piper guineense (P.G.) on ethanol induced toxicity in Wistar rats. Methods: In order to assess the hepatoprotective effect of this extract in experimental animals, twenty-four Wistar male albino rats (weighing 150-170 g) were divided into four groups. Toxicity was induced by administering 45% ethanol (4.8 g/kg b.w) by oral gavage for 21 days. Serum triglyceride (TG) levels, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were monitored. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and gluthathione-S-transferase (GST) activities were determined in the liver. Results: At the end of the experiment, chronic administration of ethanol resulted in enhanced lipid peroxidation (LPO) with depletion in the levels of GSH as well as reduction in the activities of SOD and GST. TG levels, ALT and AST activities were elevated. This was attenuated by the co-administration of the P.guineense extract by oral gavage (100 or 200 mg/kg b.w). Administration of the plant extract during ethanol exposure inhibited hepatic LPO and ameliorated SOD and GST activities as well as restoring GSH levels significantly. Conclusion: From this study it can be concluded that aqueous extract of P.guineense possess some potent antioxidants which can ameliorate hepatic damage associated with chronic ethanol exposure in rat models.

The purpose of the present investigation was to develop microparticles of Ritonavir to improve its solubility and rate of dissolution and oral bioavailability. Solid dispersions of Ritonavir (BCS-II, anti-HIV drug) with varying contents of Poloxamer 188 were prepared by spray drying technique. The effect of Aerosil 200 on microparticle performance was also investigated. Drug-excipient compatibility and the amorphous state of the drug in microparticles were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) studies, respectively. The surface morphology of microparticles was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The prepared microparticles were characterized for solubility, drug content, encapsulation efficiency, micromeritic and in-vitro dissolution properties. Use of Poloxamer 188 at an equal ratio with drug resulted in high drug content in microparticles. However, encapsulation efficiency was increased with increase in Poloxamer 188 ratio. FTIR revealed no any chemical changes in drug during spray drying process. Phase transitions and formation of the amorphous state was confirmed by DSC and XRPD studies. SEM photomicrographs showed the formation of uniformly sized Ritonavir microparticles without aggregation in presence of Aerosil 200. However, a strong influence of Poloxamer 188 on solubility and rate of Ritonavir dissolution was observed. In the present research, a spray drying technique was successfully developed for the preparation of free-flowing Ritonavir microparticles exhibiting improved solubility and rate of dissolution and hence, oral bioavailability. The developed technique could be successfully applied for dissolution enhancement of other BCS-II drugs including anti-retroviral drugs.

Nephrolepis biserrata, commonly known as giant sword fern, has been recognized for its medicinal value in traditional medicine across various countries. Cadmium chloride (CdCl₂), a toxic environmental pollutant, poses significant threats to liver and kidney function through oxidative stress and inflammation. Hence the objective of this paper is to evaluate the protective and therapeutic effects of aqueous leaf extract of Nephrolepis biserrata on cadmium induced hepatorenal toxicity in male Wistar rats using appropriate standard methods by assessing Liver and kidney function biomarkers (ALT, AST, ALP, TB, TP, albumin, urea, creatinine, electrolytes. Data obtained shows that the levels of phytochemical were alkaloids (106.21), flavonoids (272.70), saponins (80.86), phenols (120.01), steroids (66.76), tannins (280.75) and terpenoids (74.62). Cadmium exposure significantly elevated ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, urea, and creatinine, while reducing albumin, total protein, and electrolyte levels. Treatment with N. biserrata significantly ameliorated these alterations in a dose dependent manner. The extract exhibited strong antioxidant, anti -inflammatory, and membrane stabilizing properties attributed to its rich phytochemical content, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and polyphenols. Aqueous leaf extract of Nephrolepis biserrata demonstrated hepatorenal potential against cadmium induced toxicity in Wistar rats. Its therapeutic efficacy supports its potential as a natural remedy for managing environmental heavy metal toxicity like cadmium.

Cisplatin (CP), a widely used platinum-based chemotherapeutic, is effective in cancer treatment but it is associated with significant multiple organ toxicity, particularly the liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and cardiovascular system. Oxidative stress is a major contributor to this toxicity. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Ficus exasperata (FE) extract and gallic acid (GA), both known for their antioxidant properties, against cisplatin-induced toxicity, oxidative stress, and organ damage in Wistar rats. Fifty male Wistar rats (162–266 g) were randomly assigned to five groups (A–E; n=10). Group A received distilled water only (control). Group B was administered cisplatin (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) on day 8. Groups C and D received 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of Ficus exasperata extract orally for 8 days, respectively, followed by cisplatin administration on day 8. Group E received gallic acid (100 mg/kg orally) for 8 days and cisplatin on day 8. Blood pressure and ECG measurements were taken before sacrifice. Blood, liver, kidney, and heart samples were analyzed for oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzyme activities, hematological, liver, and renal function indices. Cisplatin administration significantly elevated systolic blood pressure and markers of oxidative stress, while reducing antioxidant enzyme levels in cardiac and renal tissues. Treatment with FE and GA significantly reduced oxidative stress and restored antioxidant enzyme levels. The 200 mg/kg dose of Ficus exasperata showed the most pronounced protective effect. FE and GA exert protective effects against cisplatin-induced cardio-renal toxicity in rats, likely through antioxidant activity. The protective effect of Ficus exasperata appears dose-dependent.

The study aimed to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicities of “Phuong Dong Dai Trang” tablets through oral administration using experimental animal models. Acute toxicity in Swiss mice was determined using the Litchfield Wilcoxon method. The subchronic toxicity in Wistar rats was evaluated according to WHO and OECD’s recommendation with oral doses of 4.68 g/kg/day (equivalent to recommended human dose) and 14.04 g/kg/day (3 times the recommended human dose) for 4 consecutive weeks. In terms of acute toxicity, “Phuong Dong Dai Trang” tablets did not express acute toxicity in mice at the highest dose used (232.14 g materials/kg). In terms of the subchronic toxicity, after oral administration of “Phuong Dong Dai Trang” tablets, hematological parameters, hepato - renal functions, and microscopic images of liver and kidney were unchanged in the treatment group compared to the control group. In conclusion, “Phuong Dong Dai Trang” tablets did not produce acute and subchronic toxicities in Swiss mice and Wistar rats.

The search for therapeutic agents that improve kidney function against doxorubicin-induced renal toxicity is important. Herein, the potential nephroprotective activity by Asparagus falcatus L. (AF, Asparagaceae) leaf extracts against doxorubicin-induced renal toxicity (5 mg/kg, ip) in Wistar rats (n = 6/group) after oral administration of hexane (55 mg/kg), ethyl acetate (35 mg/kg), butanol (75 mg/kg), and aqueous (200 mg/kg) extracts of AF for 28 consecutive days was investigated. It was noticed that the treatment with the selected extracts of AF significantly attenuated doxorubicin-induced elevations of serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, β2-microglobulin, cystatin C, and proteinuria in experimental rats. The histology showed attenuation of the features of acute tubular injury. Treatment regimens significantly reversed the doxorubicin-induced reduction in total antioxidant status, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activity in renal tissue homogenates. A suppression in lipid peroxidation was noted with hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol extracts of AF. Moreover, a reduction in the concentration of the pro-inflammatory mediator TNF-α (p < 0.05), and immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 were observed. The immunohistochemical expression of pro-apoptotic Bax protein was decreased and the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 was increased in renal tissues following the treatments. In conclusion, it was revealed that, hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and aqueous extracts of AF attenuate doxorubicin-induced renal toxicity in Wistar rats through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic pathways. The plant, AF could be recommended as a promising therapeutic agent to minimize renal toxicity induced by doxorubicin in cancer patients, however, subsequent clinical trials are warranted.