Formidlingsmedia og uttrykkspotensialet

Digital images in museums: Digital desires: What are museums up to?

This chapter presents and discusses the results of a survey on visitors’ expectations and experiences of a key geological heritage site in the UK; the Giant’s Causeway and Causeway Coast World Heritage Site, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. The survey sought to determine the opinions on the on-site interpretation (until 2012) to gauge whether this has an influence on visitor understanding and overall experience of the site. Given the gap in heritage tourism literature pertaining to geological heritage sites and the paucity of information on tourists’ expectation of interpretation at such sites, the findings presented in this chapter may help to reduce the gap and add to the research in the area of geological heritage interpretation. The survey results revealed that the on-site interpretation (until 2012) did not seem to fully meet the needs and expectations of the visitors and that it was in need of some updating. More interpretation in the form of boards, leaflets or audio guides that highlight, locate, and describe the key features of the site, or provide more information highlighting the significance of the Giant’s Causeway and its designation as a geological World Heritage Site, would meet the basic informational needs of the visitors. The survey also indicates that a key requirement would be to provide more human interaction. Provision of on-site rangers/guides was considered by the visitors to be a good way of improving their experience. Having rangers available to answer questions, give guidance on what to see/visit on the site, or to give guided walks would greatly improve the their understanding and experience of the site. Other ways to improve the visitor experience are suggested in addition to highlighting improvements that could be made to the on-site interpretation. The outcomes from the survey also have some implications for management of the World Heritage Site. The popularity of the site as a tourist attraction, with over 750,000 people visiting each year, presents significant challenges in being able to deliver a high quality visitor experience without compromising the conservation of the site.

Accidental, Assisted, Automated: An Emerging Repertoire of Infant Mobile Media Techniques

Lists and Social MediaLists have long been an ordering mechanism for computer-mediated social interaction. While far from being the first such mechanism, blogrolls offered an opportunity for bloggers to provide a list of their peers; the present generation of social media environments similarly provide lists of friends and followers. Where blogrolls and other earlier lists may have been user-generated, the social media lists of today are more likely to have been produced by the platforms themselves, and are of intrinsic value to the platform providers at least as much as to the users themselves; both Facebook and Twitter have highlighted the importance of their respective “social graphs” (their databases of user connections) as fundamental elements of their fledgling business models. This represents what Mejias describes as “nodocentrism,” which “renders all human interaction in terms of network dynamics (not just any network, but a digital network with a profit-driven infrastructure).”The communicative content of social media spaces is also frequently rendered in the form of lists. Famously, blogs are defined in the first place by their reverse-chronological listing of posts (Walker Rettberg), but the same is true for current social media platforms: Twitter, Facebook, and other social media platforms are inherently centred around an infinite, constantly updated and extended list of posts made by individual users and their connections.The concept of the list implies a certain degree of order, and the orderliness of content lists as provided through the latest generation of centralised social media platforms has also led to the development of more comprehensive and powerful, commercial as well as scholarly, research approaches to the study of social media. Using the example of Twitter, this article discusses the challenges of such “big data” research as it draws on the content lists provided by proprietary social media platforms.Twitter Archives for ResearchTwitter is a particularly useful source of social media data: using the Twitter API (the Application Programming Interface, which provides structured access to communication data in standardised formats) it is possible, with a little effort and sufficient technical resources, for researchers to gather very large archives of public tweets concerned with a particular topic, theme or event. Essentially, the API delivers very long lists of hundreds, thousands, or millions of tweets, and metadata about those tweets; such data can then be sliced, diced and visualised in a wide range of ways, in order to understand the dynamics of social media communication. Such research is frequently oriented around pre-existing research questions, but is typically conducted at unprecedented scale. The projects of media and communication researchers such as Papacharissi and de Fatima Oliveira, Wood and Baughman, or Lotan, et al.—to name just a handful of recent examples—rely fundamentally on Twitter datasets which now routinely comprise millions of tweets and associated metadata, collected according to a wide range of criteria. What is common to all such cases, however, is the need to make new methodological choices in the processing and analysis of such large datasets on mediated social interaction.Our own work is broadly concerned with understanding the role of social media in the contemporary media ecology, with a focus on the formation and dynamics of interest- and issues-based publics. We have mined and analysed large archives of Twitter data to understand contemporary crisis communication (Bruns et al), the role of social media in elections (Burgess and Bruns), and the nature of contemporary audience engagement with television entertainment and news media (Harrington, Highfield, and Bruns). Using a custom installation of the open source Twitter archiving tool yourTwapperkeeper, we capture and archive all the available tweets (and their associated metadata) containing a specified keyword (like “Olympics” or “dubstep”), name (Gillard, Bieber, Obama) or hashtag (#ausvotes, #royalwedding, #qldfloods). In their simplest form, such Twitter archives are commonly stored as delimited (e.g. comma- or tab-separated) text files, with each of the following values in a separate column: text: contents of the tweet itself, in 140 characters or less to_user_id: numerical ID of the tweet recipient (for @replies) from_user: screen name of the tweet sender id: numerical ID of the tweet itself from_user_id: numerical ID of the tweet sender iso_language_code: code (e.g. en, de, fr, ...) of the sender’s default language source: client software used to tweet (e.g. Web, Tweetdeck, ...) profile_image_url: URL of the tweet sender’s profile picture geo_type: format of the sender’s geographical coordinates geo_coordinates_0: first element of the geographical coordinates geo_coordinates_1: second element of the geographical coordinates created_at: tweet timestamp in human-readable format time: tweet timestamp as a numerical Unix timestampIn order to process the data, we typically run a number of our own scripts (written in the programming language Gawk) which manipulate or filter the records in various ways, and apply a series of temporal, qualitative and categorical metrics to the data, enabling us to discern patterns of activity over time, as well as to identify topics and themes, key actors, and the relations among them; in some circumstances we may also undertake further processes of filtering and close textual analysis of the content of the tweets. Network analysis (of the relationships among actors in a discussion; or among key themes) is undertaken using the open source application Gephi. While a detailed methodological discussion is beyond the scope of this article, further details and examples of our methods and tools for data analysis and visualisation, including copies of our Gawk scripts, are available on our comprehensive project website, Mapping Online Publics.In this article, we reflect on the technical, epistemological and political challenges of such uses of large-scale Twitter archives within media and communication studies research, positioning this work in the context of the phenomenon that Lev Manovich has called “big social data.” In doing so, we recognise that our empirical work on Twitter is concerned with a complex research site that is itself shaped by a complex range of human and non-human actors, within a dynamic, indeed volatile media ecology (Fuller), and using data collection and analysis methods that are in themselves deeply embedded in this ecology. “Big Social Data”As Manovich’s term implies, the Big Data paradigm has recently arrived in media, communication and cultural studies—significantly later than it did in the hard sciences, in more traditionally computational branches of social science, and perhaps even in the first wave of digital humanities research (which largely applied computational methods to pre-existing, historical “big data” corpora)—and this shift has been provoked in large part by the dramatic quantitative growth and apparently increased cultural importance of social media—hence, “big social data.” As Manovich puts it: For the first time, we can follow [the] imaginations, opinions, ideas, and feelings of hundreds of millions of people. We can see the images and the videos they create and comment on, monitor the conversations they are engaged in, read their blog posts and tweets, navigate their maps, listen to their track lists, and follow their trajectories in physical space. (Manovich 461) This moment has arrived in media, communication and cultural studies because of the increased scale of social media participation and the textual traces that this participation leaves behind—allowing researchers, equipped with digital tools and methods, to “study social and cultural processes and dynamics in new ways” (Manovich 461). However, and crucially for our purposes in this article, many of these scholarly possibilities would remain latent if it were not for the widespread availability of Open APIs for social software (including social media) platforms. APIs are technical specifications of how one software application should access another, thereby allowing the embedding or cross-publishing of social content across Websites (so that your tweets can appear in your Facebook timeline, for example), or allowing third-party developers to build additional applications on social media platforms (like the Twitter user ranking service Klout), while also allowing platform owners to impose de facto regulation on such third-party uses via the same code. While platform providers do not necessarily have scholarship in mind, the data access affordances of APIs are also available for research purposes. As Manovich notes, until very recently almost all truly “big data” approaches to social media research had been undertaken by computer scientists (464). But as part of a broader “computational turn” in the digital humanities (Berry), and because of the increased availability to non-specialists of data access and analysis tools, media, communication and cultural studies scholars are beginning to catch up. Many of the new, large-scale research projects examining the societal uses and impacts of social media—including our own—which have been initiated by various media, communication, and cultural studies research leaders around the world have begun their work by taking stock of, and often substantially extending through new development, the range of available tools and methods for data analysis. The research infrastructure developed by such projects, therefore, now reflects their own disciplinary backgrounds at least as much as it does the fundamental principles of computer science. In turn, such new and often experimental tools and methods necessarily also provoke new epistemological and methodological challenges. The Twitter API and Twitter ArchivesThe Open

The translation of texts specific to museums requires consideration of both content and form. Many texts are specialist in nature and further complicated by the physical limitations of aesthetic curatorial design, and the intertextual relationship of multiple text types and modes. This rich multimodality creates both issues and opportunities in translation, and museum translation issues are addressed through a combination of different strategies and dissemination methods, to various extents affecting the Linguistic Landscape of the museum, and the potentiality of participation for visitors. The aim of the present study is to develop a framework for the analysis and practice of museum translation by identifying the translation issues specific to museums; how they are addressed; and both the limitations and possibilities of translation scope. Qualitative corpus-based analysis of professional practices, drawing upon data collected onsite from Japanese museums, has been employed to develop an interdisciplinary framework to examine museum translation from a translation studies perspective through an examination of the Linguistic Landscape and adopting a Systemic Functional Linguistics methodology. The translation issues observed in the current study include resource constraints, content, and multimodal issues. Content issues relate to exhibition thematics, such as specialist and culture-bound content, as well as language pairing specific linguistic issues, and are dealt with by museums through a combination of foreignisation and domestication strategies. Additionally, multimodal issues include object-text interdependence and intertextuality on museum, gallery, and display levels; visitor negotiation or subversion of the curatorial route; as well as spatial and aesthetic concerns. Spatial and aesthetic restrictions – as well as resource constraints – are typically addressed by museums through provision of a partial translation scope, which can exacerbate multimodal issues, and requires attention to the museum text typology as a communicative system. The target language visitor experience and communicative function of the museum are largely influenced by the number and scope of languages provided, as well as the choice of dissemination methods and how they contribute to the Linguistic Landscape of the gallery. In particular, partial translation scope results in reduced functionality. In response to this, personal or augmented linguistic environments as achieved through the use of supplementary texts can increase the potentiality of participation, however supplementary texts used for translation dissemination of the primary communicative mode of the exhibition can result in issues of integration and accessibility. Combined, the variety that exists within the museum text typology of both public and personal texts offers numerous strategies for the creation of a bilingual or multilingual environment. Negotiation of resource constraints in light of multimodal factors allows provision of a linguistically inclusive landscape for visitors, ultimately assuring the conveyance of museum communicative intent and facilitating the visitor experience.

Audio guides are commonly utilized to enrich the experience of art gallery visitors and to fully engage them with the artwork by providing background, contexts, and other information related to the corresponding artists. However, this method may be monotonous to the public and cannot automatically change to the appropriate recording when users move to the next artwork. The traditional operation of audio guides is only enabled by the user’s visual recognition of the artwork to activate appropriate commentaries manually. In this paper, we explore the potential enhancement of the art gallery visitors’ experience by applying Artificial Intelligence (AI), machine learning, and computer vision techniques to recognize the artwork’s main features automatically and provide the corresponding artist and other information to the visitors. We train a model using a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Kaggle’s Painter by Numbers dataset, and host the trained model on a low-power AI accelerator equipped with a camera to recognize the artwork in real-time. The results are then transmitted to a database, which is utilized by a custom Android application on the smartphone to provide updated artworkrelated information on the display or by audio. Our system targets not only the general public for an interactive experience in the art gallery but also visually impaired people for proper guidance with the smartphone’s camera and its voice feedback capabilities.

Objective To study the application effect of information-based health education WeChat platform on the cognition, attitude and behavior of pelvic floor muscle training (pelvic floor muscle training, PFMT) of puerpera, in order to provide an effective intervention method and scientific basis to improve the compliance level of PFMT. Methods Full-term birth 329 cases of vaginal delivery have been chosen from August to September in 2017 in Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University. They were divided into 3 groups: control group, audio group, video group by computer random digital table method. The number of the cases of the corresponding groups were 108,113, 108 cases. Control group was given general postpartum health education, audio group and video group were given continuation of voice remind audio guide and continuation of voice remind video guide respectively from postpartum 1 week to 7 weeks. The compliance level of PFMT of the three groups would be evaluated before and after the intervention. Results The KAP(Knowledge, Altitude and Practice, KAP) scores of PFMT of control group, audio group and video group were 9.0(7.0,10.0), 11.0(8.0,12.0), 12.0 (11.0,13.0) points, respectively. There were significant differences between the video group and the control group, between the video group and the audio group and between the audio group and the control group (Z =-4.302, -10.233, -6.429, P<0.01). Comparison of the PFMT scores before and after the three groups, there was a visibility significant statistical difference in KAP scores (Z =-5.596, -11.762. -15.061, P< 0.01). Conclusions The maternals' knowledge level and physical activity level of PFMT are relatively low. Health care workers should enhance their knowledge about PFMT and improve their understanding of PFMT. WeChat platform to continue voice remind audio guide and continue voice remind video guide way of health education, could improve the KAP level of maternal PFMT and adherence. The KAP level of video guide health education is superior to the audio guide way of health education, which has clinical significance, and is worth popularizing. Key words: Healthy education; Stress urinary incontinence; Informatization; Knowledge, altitude and practice

Eating disorders are severe mental health conditions that are associated with a high level of illness and death. These disorders, which include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, have complex causes that involve a combination of genetic, psychological, and sociocultural factors. The treatment for eating disorders focuses on restoring weight and establishing healthy eating habits, while also addressing underlying issues related to emotional regulation and distorted thoughts. Over time, the approach to treating eating disorders has evolved, with changes in both psychiatry and clinical psychology. In the past, these disorders were often seen as unexplainable forms of hysteria and were treated with rest cures and confinement in asylums. The introduction of psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and pharmacology brought about an expansion in the range of therapeutic options available, although their effectiveness remained limited. Progress was made through the establishment of specialized inpatient programs and the implementation of standardized treatment protocols, leading to improved outcomes. Presently, evidence-based protocols incorporate psychological therapy, nutrition rehabilitation, and medical monitoring that are tailored to meet the individual needs of patients. Among the various treatment approaches, family-based treatment has shown the strongest empirical support for young individuals, while enhanced cognitive behavioral therapy has proven effective for adults. Despite the significant advancements made, eating disorder interventions still face challenges such as high relapse rates, indicating the need for further evolution in intervention strategies to enhance prevention and accessibility. This paper aims to examine the historical development of eating disorder treatments while providing a critical analysis of the current gold standard interventions. The discussion will address the persisting challenges in reducing eating disorder morbidity and mortality by exploring innovative therapeutic targets, modalities, and methods of dissemination.

Background Secondary schools within urbanizing areas are shifting toward digital tools and methods in the classroom, and this shift is gaining momentum. This study examined the effect of teachers’ orientation about digital pedagogy in the face of contemporary classroom challenges in selected secondary schools in Katabi Town Council, Wakiso District, Uganda. Methodology The study employed a cross-sectional research design, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study population was 130 participants, with a sample size of 97 respondents. Data was collected using questionnaires and an interview guide. Quantitative data were sorted, coded, and entered into the computer program known as SPSS version 29. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. Results The majority (30.2%) were aged below 25 years, followed by those aged 25–34 years at 28.6%. The remaining age groups were 35–44 years (17.5%), 45–54 years (12.7%), and above 55 years (11.1%). The teachers’ orientation toward digital pedagogy had a statistically significant and positive effect on mitigating contemporary classroom challenges, with a standardized beta coefficient of 0.430 and a p-value of .000. And 18.5% of the variation in contemporary classroom challenges was explained by teachers’ orientation toward digital pedagogy. There was a high level of agreement, suggesting that teachers see some academic benefits to using digital methods. Conclusion Teachers’ orientation about digital pedagogy significantly influences their ability to address contemporary classroom challenges in secondary schools within Katabi Town Council. Recommendation The Ministry of Education and Sports, together with local governments, should integrate digital pedagogy into pre-service teacher training curricula to build foundational ICT skills.

In this paper we describe preliminary results from two ongoing research projects that investigate the dissemination practices surrounding digital STEM learning materials for undergraduates. This research consists of two related studies, : 1) survey research about the dissemination practices of NSF-funded PIs; and, 2) a case study on the dissemination practices of courseware developers who won the Premier Award for Excellence in Engineering Education. The vast majority of PIs reported in the survey that they do not take advantage of digital dissemination methods such as education digital libraries. Premier Award-winning innovators reported using multiple dissemination methods - traditional and digital. Recommendations are provided regarding how digital library developers might work with PIs to improve dissemination.

The increasing use of platforms and the availability of data are driving the media and communication transformation in society. Platformization, namely “the penetration of infrastructures, economic processes, and governmental frameworks of platforms in different economic sectors and spheres of life” (Poell, Nieborg, &amp; van Dijck, 2019, p. 5), poses enormous challenges for communication research which deals with data flows, data usage, and the media practices intertwined with platform use. Against the background of the change in digital communication brought about by datafication and platformization, we turn to previous research on platforms and studies applying walkthroughs. We discuss the application of the walkthrough approach at the intersection of science and technology studies (STS) and social semiotic technology research (SST), raising methodological questions for the future study of adaptive learning platforms for illustration. We illustrate the sociotechnical walkthrough as a methodological approach, using our analysis of an adaptive learning platform (Area9) and the associated usage practices. Our analysis features the application of different research personae in order to grasp algorithmic personalization. We conclude with a critical reflection on how the sociotechnical walkthrough approach could fit into a toolkit of traditional and digital methods for future interdisciplinary communications research.

This research paper explores the challenges faced by tourists while visiting historical monuments in Delhi, India. To address the challenges faced by tourists while visiting historical monuments in Delhi, there is a need for a more engaging and immersive experience that suggests digital interventions. The research is motivated by the desire to provide visitors with a more memorable and fulfilling experience of historical monuments, thereby contributing to the overall growth of tourism in Delhi. The paper proposes a mobile application to address the identified challenges and provide a more engaging and immersive experience for visitors. The study involved a combination of qualitative and quantitative data collection methods, including a survey of 400 participants and contextual interviews with 25 people. The findings revealed that tourists face several challenges while visiting historical monuments in Delhi, such as a lack of reliable information, language barriers, and the inability to navigate the monuments efficiently. Based on the results of the survey, it was evident that there is a need for a digital intervention that can enhance tourists' experience while visiting historical monuments in Delhi. The proposed mobile application was designed to address the challenges identified in the survey and offer a more engaging and immersive experience for visitors. A mobile application was designed to offer reliable information, multiple language support, audio guides, and tailored tours. The research concludes that the proposed mobile application can significantly contribute to the growth of tourism in Delhi by enhancing visitors' experience and promoting tourism in Delhi. Usability test was conducted with 30 respondents who registered 90% positive feedback for engagement, understandable, informative and easy to use features. The research has several limitations, such as focusing only on historical monuments in Delhi and the survey of tourists visiting those monuments only. Similar repository can be made accessible for other parts of the country

Museums increasingly rely on technology as a guarantee of enhanced visitor experience. However, both in Information Systems and Museology research, little attention has been paid to the evaluation of user experience (UX) with technologies in cultural heritage environments. This paper reports research in this area that uses a framework of interpretive archaeology and phenomenology. Users of museum technologies are studied to determine whether the framework's criteria correspond to visitor expectations and can be met by Information Technologies (IT). Our epistemology is methodologically independent and by using a multi-methodological approach, mixing both qualitative and quantitative approaches, it is consistent with the original spirit of the theory of understanding. The findings confirm the importance of phenomenology and post-phenomenology as a reference to assess IT UX in museums. In addition, our field study indicates that technologies available in museums – namely audio guides, interactive kiosks and computers – contribute positively to an experience of the past.

This paper charts AI’s transformative path toward advancing sustainability within art museums, introducing a Human–AI compass as a conceptual framework for navigating its integration. It advocates for human-centric AI that optimizes operations, modernizes collection management, and deepens visitor engagement—anchored in meaningful human–technology synergy and thoughtful human oversight. Drawing on extensive literature review and real-world museum case studies, the paper explores AI’s multifaceted impact across three domains. Firstly, it examines how AI improves operations, from audience forecasting and resource optimization to refining marketing, supporting conservation, and reshaping curatorial practices. Secondly, it investigates AI’s influence on digital collection management, highlighting its ability to improve organization, searchability, analysis, and interpretation through automated metadata and advanced pattern recognition. Thirdly, the study analyzes how AI elevates the visitor experience via chatbots, audio guides, and interactive applications, leveraging personalization, recommendation systems, and co-creation opportunities. Crucially, this exploration acknowledges AI’s complex challenges—technical-operational, ethical-governance, socioeconomic-cultural, and environmental—underscoring the indispensable role of human judgment in steering its implementation. The Human-AI compass offers a balanced, strategic approach for aligning innovation with human values, ethical principles, museum mission, and sustainability. The study provides valuable insights for researchers, practitioners and policymakers, enriching the broader discourse on AI’s growing role in the art and cultural sector.

A problem facing many custodians and curators of historic buildings is how to create a sense of history and awaken a connection with the past for contemporary visitors. With the help of secondary material such as video projections, audio guides and costumed interpreters, visitors are enabled to imagine what life might have been like before the building was ‘museumified’. This article discusses Peter Greenaway’s video installation Peopling the Palaces, created for a seventeenth‐century Italian Palace in Turin, and examines its potential as a means of returning ‘life’ to preserved historic interiors. Greenaway’s installation is a prime example of how projecting characters directly onto walls and ceilings can bring a building to life and envelope the visitor within an historical imaginary. The article proposes that this fascinating meeting of theatre, technology and museology within a historic Palace offers exciting potential for augmenting the visitor experience of heritage sites.