Formations of Central Valley Thought

Wahlbeck's paper 1 provides a succinct and accurate overview of the public health approach to global mental health. Conceptually, public health incorporates not just evidence-based interventions from high-income countries, but also significant emphases on positive behavioral health, prevention, recovery, and social, cultural and environmental factors. Expanding global mental health to include positive behavioral health – and therefore all people – offers the advantage of attention to developmental needs, resilience, prevention, and recovery 2. The behavioral health field has ignored these issues and the related empirical research findings for too long. Relatedly, shifting from “mental health” to “behavioral health” could underscore the broad focus on healthy behaviors rather than a narrower focus on mental illness. As one ramification, mainstreaming behavioral health to the entire population may reduce stigma for those who experience the most severe disabilities. The practical implementations of the Movement for Global Mental Health have been criticized extensively 3. Despite its holistic and laudable rhetoric, implementation attempts have largely involved an expansion of Western evidence-based biomedical or psychological interventions delivered via lay health workers and have not been sensitive to cultures and communities. Local communities often object to the imposition of Western models of individual mental illness when the problems are widespread, the culture is not so individualistic, and behaviors are obviously related to war, poverty, gender discrimination, lack of opportunity, and so on. The failure to engage communities and understand cultural values and norms has sometimes worsened rather than relieved widespread community distress 4. The use of lay health workers helps to expand services and engender trust 5, but these workers typically make diagnoses and dispense medications or psychological therapies following a Western medical model. How could community engagement efforts align more closely with local culture? One basic strategy could be to start with local people on the ground. “Top-down” solutions (i.e., those developed by government experts) that are imposed on communities are often bureaucratic, reductionistic, overly prescriptive, and insensitive to local culture and context. The expensive and inefficient Veterans Administration Healthcare system in the U.S. is often cited as an example of the failure of top-down systems 6. By contrast, “ground-up” approaches (i.e., those developed by local stakeholders and communities) may better serve the goals of public mental health by valorizing local knowledge, competence, and resources. People on the ground – those experiencing behavioral health problems, their families, and their communities, aligned with local leaders, professionals, healers, and health workers – may in fact be in a better position to recognize local needs and resources, to understand local culture, to select and adapt appropriate evidence-based practices, and to innovate solutions. Local culture, however, may sometimes perpetuate stigma and even violations of human rights – hence the need for collaborations with professionals via mutual learning. Learning communities (multi-disciplinary groups focused on a specific health issue) have successfully combined local stakeholders with outside experts to discuss, select, and evaluate potential solutions 7. Community engagement could be enhanced on a global basis via several strategies. First, governments should give priority and funding to ground-up approaches. Community engagement in health care has a long and rich tradition, including principles and strategies for identifying and solving problems 8. Local community activation has in fact often produced positive changes and sometimes led to national and international health reforms: witness the women's health movement in the 1960s and the AIDS movement in the 1990s in the U.S.. Second, the field should recognize that people with behavioral health syndromes generally have goals that differ from those of professionals 9. Rather than more and more medications to reduce symptoms, people generally want support in finding meaningful functional roles. If local people (rather than industry, government, and the medical profession) were to choose services and goals, behavioral health would shift dramatically. For example, women who are oppressed and abused would be likely to emphasize education, advocacy, legal action, employment, and financial independence rather than poly-pharmacy. Third, healthcare systems should encourage people to develop natural resources, e.g., clubs, peer-support groups, spirituality, yoga, and other mindfulness-based therapies 10. These interventions, delivered by lay community members, are widely available in culturally specific forms and languages and can enhance prevention, resilience, treatment, and recovery. Government should encourage and strengthen these natural supports in local communities before assuming that more hospitals, professionals, and medications are the answer. Fourth, lay health care workers should be given the opportunity to collaborate with the people in their communities in selecting the medical and psychosocial interventions that they want and obtaining the training that they need to be effective 11. Likewise, they should be given the choice to veto or adapt interventions that are perceived as harmful or culturally insensitive. Such an approach may require extensive discussions within communities and suspension of Western hegemonic beliefs about the immutability of science-based interventions. Fifth, behavioral health technologies should be used to enhance all of these efforts in ways that maximize choice and cultural tailoring. A wide variety of web-based and mobile health applications are demonstrating effectiveness for prevention, empowerment, resilience, treatment, and maintenance 12. Low-income and middle-income countries are rapidly developing the connectivity that could facilitate widespread distribution, perhaps through lay health workers. Expanding and using these resources could helpfully overcome what is often perceived as the lack of a professional workforce while simultaneously empowering local communities. Global attention to positive behavioral health for all people is essential. We would not gainsay efforts to increase access to evidence-based interventions, but current efforts should include a meaningful understanding and respect for local cultures, communities, and resources.

In recognition of the livelihood needs of local people that undermine non-use conservation objectives, protected areas are now said to have assumed a mandate to go beyond just biodiversity conservation to improving the welfare of local people through the provision of economic benefits across multiple scales. But in order to achieve the new mandate of protected areas, there is a paradigm shift that seeks to promote a model of biodiversity conservation where livelihood activities are not just seen as compatible with biodiversity conservation but that it actually drives and facilitates conservation objectives. Consequently, among livelihood activities that have the potential to provide the necessary livelihood benefits or incentives, ecotourism is thought to be the most appropriate one to better serve this purpose. Ecotourism, when properly developed and managed, can play a mediating role between the interests of protected area management and local people and as well give an exciting nature experience to tourists. However, to achieve this mediating role, ecotourism development in any destination would require appropriate participation of all stakeholders. In essence, there should be a harmonious relationship between the resources (protected area), local people and ecotourism, facilitated by appropriate management strategies. 
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\nThe ecotourism subsector in Ghana is being vigorously promoted as a means to finance nature conservation and to facilitate local area development. However, like any other venture, there is the need to subject ecotourism development to rigorous evaluation to ascertain whether it is achieving the objectives of the concept. It is believed that apart from the unique features and experience that protected areas might present to the tourist, the prospects of ecotourism will depend on how to: i) sustain the interest of visitors in order to inspire them for future return visits and the ability to attract potential new visitors; and ii) engender the support of local people for conservation by effectively involving them so that they could share in the socio-cultural and economic benefits as a result of protecting the area. This is only possible when there is the right framework for managing the interactions and impacts. The study adopted a theoretical evaluative framework that assesses the impacts of ecotourism. Through the evaluative framework, a site-level evaluation of nature conservation and ecotourism in the Kakum Conservation Area (KCA) of Ghana was undertaken to assess the status and underscore the current relationship between local people, resources and ecotourism in the Kakum conservation area. 
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\nResearch Objectives - 
\nThe central focus of the study is to evaluate the perceptions of impacts of ecotourism and nature conservation management in the Kakum Conservation Area, Ghana. The ultimate goal is to evaluate the prescriptive potential and the opportunity costs of ecotourism development and protected area management in natural resource dependent communities. With the aim of identifying at the end, strategies to optimise the contribution of ecotourism to protected area conservation and development of destination communities, the specific objectives of the study were to:
\n1) Determine the host communities’ perceptions of ecotourism, and their values and relationships with the natural resources within the protected area. 
\n2) Determine the change in the economic benefits from the protected areas due to ecotourism and its distribution and impact on the local communities. 
\n3) Offer planning and management recommendations to the destination’s administrative bodies to facilitate conservation and sustainable development initiatives in the local communities.
\nThe study examined the existing relationships in order to provide practical planning directions to park/conservation area managers to will enhance the capacity of ecotourism to generate benefits for both the local communities and the park, and thus contribute to sustainable development efforts in the country. 
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\nMethodology -
\nTo ascertain the status of ecotourism and the combined impacts of ecotourism and nature conservation management, the study employed multiple methodological approaches to collect both primary and secondary data for analysis. A survey of tourists was conducted at the visitor centre and a community survey of residents was also conducted in eight communities adjacent to the protected area. Altogether, 423 tourists participated in the survey at the visitor centre while a total of 141 local residents took part in the community level surveys. The conservation area officials and some chiefs and elders of the local communities were also interviewed. Beyond these, group discussions were held in the communities to understand the popular opinions of the local people about conservation and ecotourism activities in Kakum. Subsequently, in order to propose strategic options to facilitate nature conservation and ecotourism management, a hybrid SWOT and AHP analysis was also conducted.
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\nResults - 
\nLocal People and Conservation: The community surveys revealed that the current ecotourism and protected area management schemes neglects the traditional institutional structures whose involvement could facilitate and solicit local people’s support for conservation. There is also a communication gap and lack of effective programmes to stress the importance of community level cooperation in conservation. Again, the community surveys confirmed that local people have been denied rights to collect NTFPs on which they previously depended for livelihood support. Thus some livelihood activities in adjacent communities have changed since the creation of the conservation area. In fact, a majority (89.4%) of respondents emphasised that community interests are not factored into the management of the area. Although the local people have lost their access and use rights and also do not benefit from ecotourism, over 97% of respondents appreciated the importance of the protected area while over 88% expressed interest to participate in the management if given the opportunity. In spite of the expressed interest, although law enforcement through day and night patrol has increased, illegal activities still remains high in the conservation area as compared to the acceptable national level.
\nLocal People and Ecotourism: Ecotourism at the moment does not play any meaningful role in securing the livelihood of the local people and neither is it contributing to the development of the local communities. The study established that there is a weak interaction between local people and tourism as well as local people and resources, due to the apparent neglect by management authorities. Consequently, the study noted that the local people rather have reservations concerning the impacts of ecotourism on their livelihood. Although the majority of household respondents never engaged in any livelihood activity related to ecotourism, they were hopeful of possible benefits they could derive from provision of services and therefore demanded that ecotourism activities be expanded to include tourist visits to their communities. Aside the lack of economic benefits, conservation education which is one of the tenets of ecotourism is also lacking. Therefore 75% of the community respondents were of the view that effective outreach programmes and involvement could motivate resident local people to guard the area and reduce illegal or poaching activities. 
\nEcotourism and Tourists: The number of tourists visiting Kakum, according to the visitor records, has progressively increased since the introduction of tourism. The tourist survey on the other hand revealed that Kakum is mainly patronised by first time visitors as indicated by 84% of the survey respondents and they mostly spent less than three hours on site. In spite of the relative short time spent on site, results show that 91.5% of the survey respondents were satisfied with their recreational experience in Kakum. As a confirmation of their satisfaction, the majority (90.5%) of the respondents indicated that they would recommend Kakum as a must visit ecotourism site in Ghana. Nonetheless, over 54% of the respondents expressed disagreement with the restrictions instituted by the management authorities on movements within the park while 67.5% expressed interest in additional alternative activities related to wildlife observation or tracking. At the moment, the canopy walk continues to be the main attraction. Apart from attracting smaller numbers of tourists, the nature walk has experienced a sharp decline in tourist interest since 2004. This makes it important to consider the expressed interest in additional activities. Further analysis indicated that interest in additional activities decreased with increasing age of the respondents. Organised visits to adjacent communities and farms are also valuable options that would expose particularly the curious non-Ghanaian visitors to rural life in Ghana and as well offer opportunity for the local people to be involved in ecotourism and conservation management. Currently, the situation in Kakum is such that there is practically no interaction between local residents and tourists in order to facilitate inter-cultural appreciation as propounded by the ecotourism concept.
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\nConclusion - 
\n In assessing all the interactions indicative of ecotourism, it is obvious that the interaction between ecotourism, resources and local people in the Kakum conservation area is not symbiotic or harmonious. But in considering that in spite of all the challenges the local people still have positive attitudes towards ecotourism and conservation, the study concluded that active involvement of local people in ecotourism activities would solicit much more positive attitude towards biodiversity conservation, ai

Integrating Biodiversity Conservation with Poverty Reduction: a Socioeconomic Perspective

Non-negligible impact of microplastics on wetland ecosystems

Abstract. Chaleekarn W, Duengkae P, Pongcharoen C, Sutummawong N, Nakmuenwai P, Siripin S, Chirachitmichi C, Kummoo W, Paansri P, Suksavate W. 2022. Effect of environmental factors at multiple landscape scales on bird community in riparian ecosystem at Mun-Chi River confluence, Thailand. Biodiversitas 23: 5194-5204. Wetland and riparian ecosystem is an important migratory stopover for land and water birds in the East Asian - Australasian Flyway. Understanding relationship patterns between bird communities and environmental factors at multi-spatial scales within a landscape context could contribute to the conservation and management of bird biodiversity in wetland ecosystems. The landscape metrics index is critical in revealing the relationship between the composition of bird communities and habitats at both local and landscape scales. This study aims to determine the effect of the environmental factors at different designated spatial scales on the composition of local bird communities in terms of species and feeding guilds. Our study conducted a bird survey using 227-point transects along 40 tracks across different land cover types surrounding the Mun-Chi River confluence. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to quantify the association between bird communities, represented by species and feeding guilds, and environmental factors with the integration of multilevel habitat metrics. From the results, the CCA showed patterns of the community-environmental association at multiple scales of patch, class, and landscape characteristics with the proportional explanation of 54% and 61.82% for the composition of species and feeding guilds, respectively. The results indicated the premise that the majority of bird species respond to the habitat at the local scale. Large forest patches can maintain migratory and resident bird species. Moreover, most avian groups were arranged primarily in a large forest core area, forest area, and Shrubland PA. The results confirmed existing information on feeding guilds. The prediction map of the principal component of avian species composition was created from the association with the drivers of land use, including crops, perennial farmland, and water body on the edge of forests. Therefore, wetland management must be done at both local and landscape scales to preserve suitable avian habitats.

Wetlands are unique and dynamic ecosystems which provide a wide variety of benefits to the society. However, many wetlands ecosystems are threatened and already degraded due to urbanization, population growth, and increased economic activities. Kirala Kale is an urban wetland in Matara municipality and connected with the local communities and their livelihoods. Kirala kele ecosystem experienced drastic changes over time due to Nilwala river flood protection scheme. Though several efforts were made to develop the wetland but failed due to the public protests. Participatory wetland management is an approach for developing and conserving natural resources engaging local users and ensuring them to obtain the benefits. This study investigated the local people’s willingness to pay (WTP) for community based management of Kirala kele wetland. A sample of 102 households were selected from five adjacent GN divisions, using stratified random sampling and pre-tested questionnaire was administered for data collection. Iterative Bidding Elicitation of Contingency Valuation Method (CVM) used to estimate the WTP. Among the diverse benefits, 36% are extracting mangrove based forest products, 26% are involving in several recreational activities, 19% are employing in activities related to agriculture and the rest of 13% depends on other economic activities. As this land is abandoned at present and illegally using as a garbage dumping site and a place for anti-social activities. Hence, local communities (100%) agree to develop and conserve Kirala Kale by introducing activities of ecotourism and agro-tourism while maintaining it as a wetland park. Their main concern is to establish bird-butterfly watching towers and develop infrastructural facilities for recreational activities such as fishing, paddle boat services, jogging tracks, an education center etc. Though 28% disagreed for a payment, 62% agreed while the rest (10%) refrain from responding. Stated initial bid value was 300LKR and estimated average WTP is 136 LKR per month and annual WTP per person is 1632 LKR. Age (P=0.03) and the level of education of the people (P=0.009) has a significant (R2=0.372) positive relationship with the WTP. This study proves the potentiality of executing a participatory wetland management for conserving the Kirala kele wetland. Keywords: Willingness to pay, Participatory wetland management, Contingent valuation method, Urban wetland

Partnership programs have gained importance in forestry management. In Indonesia, profit sharing and agroforestry are examples of partnership programs between forest managers and local communities. In this paper, we analyze potential conflicts among participants in these programs. First, we derive a recursive formula to determine the future value of a compartment of plantation to the society, which includes both the forest owner and the local community. While trees are young, the land is also used for agriculture, which is an agroforestry program. When there is a high rate of future discounting and a high rate of natural disturbances, the society may find it profitable to continue the agricultural use of the land. Second, we calculate the profit for the forest owner and the local community separately. To prevent illegal logging, the owner shares a fraction of the profit obtained by selling logs with the local people, which is a profit-sharing program. Illegal logging greatly reduces the profit for the forest owner, especially when trees are tall. Illegal logging of old cohorts is harmful to the local people as well. In contrast, illegal logging of young cohorts provides profit to the local people because they will be hired to replant young trees. Our analysis shows an “overlooking period” in which a conflict of interest exists between the forest owner and the local community. We indicate that the overlooking period can be mitigated by coordination of the shared profit and the wage for the workers.

With accelerated urbanisation, continued growth in water demand and the external pressure of water demand from the South–North Water Transfer Project, agricultural water use in Jiangsu is facing a critical situation. Therefore, it is important to explore the spatial and temporal variation in agricultural water use efficiency in order to clarify the pathway for improving agricultural water use efficiency. Firstly, the Super-Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) model was utilized to measure agricultural water use efficiency in Jiangsu Province, China, from 2011 to 2020, and secondly, a fixed-effects model was used to investigate agricultural water use efficiency and the factors influencing it in 13 prefectures in Jiangsu Province in both time and space. The results show that (1) the overall value of agricultural water use efficiency in Jiangsu Province is below 1, which means that agricultural water use efficiency in Jiangsu Province is low and far from the effective boundary, and there is more room for improvement in agricultural water use efficiency; (2) a total of 92% of prefectures in Jiangsu Province have input redundancy, which seriously inhibits the progress of agricultural water use efficiency in Jiangsu Province, among which the redundancy of total agricultural machinery power and agricultural water use is the highest; (3) Regarding total factor productivity and its decomposition index for agricultural use in Jiangsu Province, in the time dimension, the number of professional and technical personnel inputs has a positive impact on agricultural water use efficiency. In the spatial dimension, the number of professional and technical personnel inputs, industrial structure and arable land area have a positive impact on improving regional agricultural water use efficiency, among which the industrial structure has a smaller contribution to agricultural water use efficiency.

Multifunctionality and maintenance mechanism of wetland ecosystems in the littoral zone of the northern semi-arid region lake driven by environmental factors

This paper proposing the destination development paradigm based on the blend among the different potential interests of nature, physical cultural products, and local beliefs in a single destination. This blend governs the way how the management, visitors, local people should do in order to keep the sustainability and local people empowering. This paradigm was proved in Lombok and Java Indonesia which have engaged double different potential interests in a single destination along hundreds years. The research was done qualitatively, by interviewing the purposive respondents to confirm the open questionnaires relating the participations and responses of the local people or communities. The 137 purposive samples are based on their engagements in the tourism. The results show that: 1) the most sustaining interests are the blend of interests among the local beliefs, the nature, and physical cultural products; 2) the development paradigm of Sunan Kudus in Java is Bipots, while Sembalun, Bayan in Lombok and Muria in Java has Tripots development paradigm; 3) The management are involving local people daily activities, local communities and agents, as well as visitors in developing the destination; 4) The high positive responses of the local people, through which the interests are their daily concerns, support in sustaining the destinations, which are intersecting the three different potential interests; proposed as Tripots Paradigm.

Introduction The evolution of creative city paradigm in the last three decades has dramatically changed the notion of placemaking and the meaning of art and design for urban development in the creative and cultural economy context. Very recently, a spontaneously emerging art district has been exploited by policy actions in many cities, resulting in its presence on the global stage at the UNESCO Creative City Network. The two most common approaches that drive art and design-based development policies are seen in the creative city approach and community development approach (Evans; Murdoch III et al.). The creative city approach aims to contribute to economic development by focussing on the economic role of art and design (Florida; Murdoch III et al.). The community development approach, on the other hand, is seen as an important factor for social benefit and democratic development (Murdoch III et al.; Grodach; Markusen and Gadwa). Grassroots arts movements and community arts organisations, in the community development approach, support the arts as a low-income community involvement and development initiative (Murdoch III et al.). According to Grodach, public spaces and art and design spaces have three main roles in community development, and are built on local assets to increase community engagement, interaction, and participation. Despite the vast range of economic considerations in the current literature, it remains unclear how creative placemaking through arts, crafts, and design operates in the context of creative cities. Particularly, there is a need for a more comprehensive perspective of how creative placemaking contributes to art district development. Economic competition among creative cities has increased, especially since neoliberal policies diffused to the urban agenda. The city of Izmir, located in the Aegean coast of Turkey, being one of the world's top 130 cities (Tekeli), contributes to globalisation of the region and occupies a unique position in Turkey’s democratic history. Regarding the global arena, Izmir has reformulated its governmental structure in the making of places, with particular neighbourhoods seeking to increase their attractiveness to the creative class, support the creative industries, and to become a ‘Creative City’. Since the Culture and Art Workshop in 2009, when the Izmir Metropolitan Municipality established a creative city vision to serve as a high point in a democratic era, in particular involving elements of culture and creativity of importance for local and global actors, there has been a series of programs with different design strategies and governance mechanisms, such as the design projects (e.g. Izmir Sea Project and Izmir History Project, and History Design Workshop), formations (e.g. establishment of Izmir Mediterranean Academy with branches of history, design, ecology, culture, and arts in 2013), events and organisations (e.g. Good Design Izmir in 2016, 5th World Design Talks by the World Design Organization [WDO] in 2018), and applications for candidacy (e.g. for the World Design Capital title 2020, and UNESCO Creative Cities Network in 2019). The purpose of this article is to explore the drivers for art and design-based development in the urban environment through the lens of creative placemaking, and how this is practiced by creative class grassroots initiatives in cities such as Izmir, Turkey, which was shortlisted in the Creative City Network competition in 2019. The methodology is built on 1) a framework analysis through the research on art and design districts and the utilisation of creative placemaking, and 2) a field study exploring the creative placemaking drivers in an emerging art district, Darağaç, in Izmir. The field study is composed of site visits, visual mappings, the use of snowball sampling to reach the creative class, and structured interviews. The framework analysis findings suggest a set of creative placemaking drivers for art and design-based developments, and the case study findings present implications for future policies for integration of localised initiatives into the creative city framework. Framework Analysis The practice of creative cities applies one-size-fits-all strategies based on tangible and intangible characteristics to attract talent and support economic growth, whereas creative placemaking offers some crucial approaches to contribute to a locale's success and involvement in larger-scale plans. Therefore, placemaking appears as a phenomenological process that explains a sense of place, attachments, and, more broadly, the interaction between a region and its inhabitants (Mengi and Guaralda). The term ‘creative placemaking’ was first used by economist Ann Markusen and art consultant Anne Gadwa in the 2010 White Paper of the National Endowment for the Arts, as a solution when cities, suburbs, and small towns are faced with structural changes and displacement. Creative placemaking aims to revitalise space and economic development with creative initiatives. Markusen and Gadwa argue that creative placemaking provides gains in areas such as innovative products and services, livability, diversity, jobs, and income opportunities. Creative placemaking is also defined as a community-participatory tool to strengthen and enrich the identity of a place as well as development of a place. Community identity enables local assets to build trust and relationships (Kelkar et al.) while exploiting social and civic fabric that brings out the local character and narratives (Borrup). Moreover, Redaelli formulates creative placemaking as an innovative way of thinking for solving community problems that utilises the creative power of art and artists. From an economic perspective, Gallagher et al. point out that creative placemaking can happen in communities of any size and uses art and cross-sector collaboration to benefit the space. Creative placemaking through cross-sector collaboration is directly related to political ideology, social division, community size, resource limitations, and capacity of arts organisations. The theoretical discussion derived from the literature enables us to reconsider the use of creative placemaking approaches for creative city strategies and provides a framework that brings the most significant drivers of creative placemaking, especially for art and design-based strategies in urban environments (Table 1). Drivers Indicators Creative Practices Products Artworks Events Festivals Cultural Production Local Assets Local Knowledge Context Listening & Gathering Stories Knowledge & Skill Exchange Creativity Exchange Experiential Learning Community Involvement Co-Creation Collaboration Creative Placemakers Artists Designers Craftspeople Resident of the Community Local Audience Virtual Platform Archive/Publications Creativity Productivity Collectivity Spatial Environment Neighbourhood Streets Place Identity Digital Hub Atelier Digital Studio/Maker Space Art Galleries Exhibition Spaces Art Equipment Maker/Supplier Meeting Place/Third Place Institutional Support Networking Platform for Dialogue Space for Exhibition Publicity Public Fund Private Fund Philanthropists Sponsorship Education Institutions Art Institutions Art Organisations Non-Government Organisations Government Table 1: Major drivers of creative placemaking. Creative Practices, as the first driver, aim to describe tangible outputs such as products, works of art, events, and festivals. Wyckoff defines projects and activities involving art, culture, and creative thinking as the driving forces of creative placemaking to create collective memory. In this regard, Mutero et al. emphasise the importance of listening and gathering stories, in which it associates definitions such as community, local knowledge, and context. Describing community participation as a tool to improve the development of a place, Kelkar et al. mention that it helps to change the perception of the community. In this context, it creates trust and relationships while building community identity and sense of belonging. Creative Placemakers, as the second driver, represent actors in creative placemaking. One of the six drivers suggested by Markusen and Gadwa for creating a successful place are the creative initiators. Borrup, on the other hand, underlines the role of crucial actors, named as creative placemakers, such as city planners, developers, artists, local policy makers. neighbourhood residents, and local audiences, who also take part in creative practices guided by artists, designers, and craftspeople. According to Gaumer et al. and Schupbach, local actors must be involved as partners to realise more effective successful creative placemaking practices. Similarly, Kelkar et al. argue that the relationships that are built on the collaborative nature of involving actors transform productivity and create social capital. Spatial Environment, as the third driver, focusses on the spaces of creative practices. Spatial environments can be referred to at different scales, such as the digital hubs, ateliers, maker spaces, and event areas such as art galleries and exhibition areas that bring creative placemakers together and enable them to produce together. According to Ellery et al., such spaces enhance the use of public spaces while providing a sense of aesthetics, security, and community. Wyckoff lists drivers of creative placemaking as art spaces where artistic, cultural, and creative projects take place, work and living spaces for the creative class, art, culture, and entertainment activities. Institutional Support, as the fourth driver, underlines the expectations of creative placemakers from institutions. The institutional support through networking provides a platform for creative placemakers to establish dialogue as well as opportunities for exhibition areas and performances. The importance of the support of institutions and organisations s

Australian Aboriginal people experience stressors from inequalities across crucial social determinants, including deep and entrenched disadvantage and exclusion. The impact of unaddressed historical issues is pervasive and intergenerational. The disproportionate rates of Aboriginal youth suicide, juvenile detention and imprisonment highlight the inadequacy of existing social and emotional wellbeing programs and services for Aboriginal children and young people. There is increasing recognition in Australia that aligning social and emotional wellbeing interventions with Western values and conceptions of mental health is one of the main barriers to service uptake among Aboriginal people. This suggests fundamental questions remain unanswered about what type of services effectively address the complex constellation of social-emotional and wellbeing challenges arising from intergenerational poverty and trauma. Yawardani Jan-ga is an Aboriginal-led, operated, culturally secure, Equine-Assisted Learning (EAL) project designed by and with local Aboriginal young people, community Elders, members, and experts to address the complex constellation of social-emotional, spiritual and wellbeing needs of Aboriginal children and young people, aged 6-26 years, across multiple communities in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. EAL is a strengths-based learning approach where participants work with horses' inherent characteristics to learn transferable life skills, such as communication skills, self-awareness, and emotional regulation, to promote social and emotional growth and wellbeing. Although EAL has been previously used with Aboriginal children and young people internationally, they are yet to be widely used with Aboriginal people in Australia. Here, we describe the three subcomponents of the Yawardani Jan-ga implementation science project and the planned Participatory Action Research and phenomenological approaches to capture the distinctive experiences of participants and the local communities where the intervention is implemented. We anticipate that findings will build an evidence base that informs policy and practice by understanding key intervention elements of social and emotional wellbeing support for Aboriginal youth, how to incorporate Aboriginal worldviews across different stages of interventions, and how to capture impact best using culturally secure methods.

This paper analyses how different power relationships between tourism developers and operators and the local Sasak community affected tourism development on the island of Lombok, Indonesia. This study is set against the background of local and national tensions, and how these also have impacted on tourism. Two case studies are presented. The first example describes how tourism developers, operating under a system of privilege in the Soeharto era, attempted to force land acquisition at Rowok, in the south of Lombok. The subsequent protracted legal case has delayed any tourism development in this area. The second example describes a model of co-operative power relationships between the management of the Holiday Inn Resort and the local Sasak community at Mangsit, north of the main Senggigi Beach resort area. Local people are employed in a range of permanent positions, and there is clear evidence of a harmonious relationship between the hotel and the community. During three days of rioting in January 2000, the local community was unwavering in its support of this hotel. It is suggested that the way in which tourism developers and operators link with the local community is an essential indicator for tourism within the context of sustainable development.

Dewey, Implementation, and Creating a Democratic Civic University

The article is an attempt to look at the current local security’s shape, its contemporary conditions, possibilities and limitations. The influence of the socio-political environment on the condition of local security is a regular phenomenon, provided that this environment creates optimal conditions for the shape of the security of local communities. Factors changing this environment are often beyond local communities that have no impact on this environment. In Polish conditions, ‘locality’ is related to the activities of local government units. Municipalities and counties are local self-government communities. These units have the greatest impact on the formation and activity of smaller formal and informal local communities. The author’s intention is to note these positive and negative conditions of local security, with an indication of the entities exerting the greatest influence on local security.