Formation and evolution of residential buildings in the Djelfa region of Algeria

Modernizing Business Cycle Concepts

In China, dynamic spatial–temporal evolution and urban–rural gap in carbon emissions of residential building sector are crucial for understanding the current state, which is faced with great challenges related to emission mitigation. To overcome the challenge, this study employed the gravity center model to explore spatial–temporal evolution of carbon emissions and analyzed the driving factories leading the differences between urban residential buildings and rural residential buildings via decomposition analysis. Meanwhile, Tapio decoupling index is used to predict the future movement of the gravity center. Our results indicated that: (i) the carbon emissions gravity center of both residential building types tends to move south; (ii) the northeast and northwest regions play the largest role in driving the gravity center movement of urban residential buildings and rural residential buildings, respectively; (iii) per capita disposable income is the primary factors affecting the gravity center movement. (iv) the gravity center of both residential building types might tend to move westward in the future. Overall, this study attempts to remedy the current lack of research pertaining to spatial–temporal evolution laws governing carbon emissions in the Chinese residential building sector and provides a reference point for the implementation of targeted urban and rural emission reduction policies.

At present, a significant part of the studies of a residential apartment building electrical load concerns only the analysis of the maximum load at the residential building power supply input and on the buses of the transformer substation supplying power to residential buildings. However, for a complete analysis of the residential apartment building power consumption, it is necessary to evaluate not only the maximum input power, but also the minimum load. The article presents the results from an analysis of electricity consumption in residential apartment buildings with electric stoves (taking the city of Moscow as an example). The power consumption in eight residential apartment buildings recorded by electric meters in the input switchgears of these buildings at 30-min intervals for several years was used as input data for the analysis. The dynamics of minimum electrical load variation during a year is considered; the dependence of the minimum power on the outdoor temperature is estimated, and the time of the day, day of the week, and month in which the residential building minimum electrical load is observed are determined. The distribution law of a random variable represented by the time in which the absolute annual minimum of the residential building electrical load is observed and its characteristics: mathematical expectation and standard deviation are determined. The results of a comparative analysis of the absolute annual minimum and maximum (design) load at the input of residential apartment buildings are presented.

The paper shows selected aspects of the microclimate change in the occupied zone of the large-volume buildings. The air temperature and some other microclimate parameters change because of heat emission from people staying inside there. There are shown exemplary methods and results of research conducted in sacral buildings and residential apartment buildings. It is based on author's research. The novelty is the research of the human heat emission in case of a big number of people staying inside sacral buildings. It can be useful for a large-volume buildings design (especially for the sacral buildings) and for microclimate shaping in many types of buildings and residential buildings also. In some buildings with a big number of people staying inside at the same time (such as the sacral buildings) heat emitted from people significantly influences on microclimate. Another situation is observed in residential apartment buildings, where heat and moisture gain are distributed in separate rooms. Human heat streams can be useful as a part of the heat balance of the room especially in case the big number of people staying in the room.

Investigation of the impact of residential mixture on energy and environmental performance of mixed use neighborhoods

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of the effects of advertising based on economic cycles. To comprehend advertising effects in the restaurant industry from an economic cycle perspective, this study investigated both short- and long-run advertising effects under periods of economic contraction and expansion and compared those effects between the two economic periods. Design/methodology/approach – The data were collected from the COMPUSTAT database for the restaurant industry (SIC 5,812) from 1979 to 2010. To estimate the economic cycles, the 2005 year-based real gross domestic product (GDP) was used from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Also, all variables were depreciated by the value of the US dollar in 2005. For estimation, a single equation error correction model was used to examine the short-term and long-term effects of advertising. Findings – The results of this study indicated that both the short- and long-term effects of advertising on sales growth were more obvious in contraction periods than in expansion periods. However, the short-run effects of advertising on brand equity did not significantly differ between expansion and contraction periods. Further, the long-term effects of advertising on brand equity were greater in expansion periods than in contraction periods. The findings suggest that restaurant firms should not reduce their advertising budgets during periods of economic contraction to take advantage of superior sales growth outcomes during these periods. Practical implications – The results of this study provide restaurant managers with useful practical implications. During economic contraction periods, restaurant managers should not reduce advertising budgets to take an ascendant position in terms of sales growth. Though the net positive effect at year t + 1 of contraction periods was smaller than that of expansion periods for sales growth, this is temporal and the long-run positive effect on sales growth spreads into future periods. Thus, a counter-cyclical advertising strategy could compensate for reduced sales from weak customer demands during economic contraction periods. Originality/value – There have been many empirical studies on the advertising effect in the literature. However, this study examined whether the effects of advertising differ between economic expansion and contraction periods. This specificity is helpful for industrial practitioners as well as academic researchers.

A holistic design approach for residential net-zero energy buildings: A case study in Singapore

This article aims to analyze the origin of and characteristics newcomers, the characteristics of them, the attribute of their dwellings, and the problems of displacement in Nishijin, Kyoto.Nishijin has been the historical weaving center of Kyoto. A lot of textile factories, however, have closed in recent years. The townscape of this district is attractive, because the streets are lined with a neat row of houses. Since most of the buildings were constructed before the Pacific War, they have deteriorated in recent years. And the district is rapidly losing population, especially the younger generation. From this point of view, Nishijin is a typical inner city area.During the early- and mid-1980's a number of residential buildings were constructed mainly in the place where the textile industry stood. And in-movers to this district have increased since the mid-1980's. Particularly in-movers from within the city of Kyoto have increased. This trend is related to the stage of urban development of this city. The population density of the central area is high, so there are still many outmovers from there. Since the suburban residential districts have not fully matured, there are relatively few members of the younger generation, who live away from their parents. Therefore in-movers, who lived inside the city, out-number those returning from the suburbs.During the first half of 1980's a number of residential buildings were constructed, and then new types of people come to the district. The increase of the white collar class is remarkable.There are two types of residential buildings. One is a condominium which has four or five rooms. As a residence it has enough room for three persons, the average house-hold size. Its style corresponds to that of gentrifiers. Its residents are young couples in their late twenties or thirties, and most of them have one or two children. It is a feature of Japanese gentrification that the predominant type of residents are familes with children. The other type of bulldings are apartment buildings which consist of single rooms with private kitchen and bath. Their residents are singles, mainly students. Most of students had hitherto dwelled in rented rooms without private kitchens and baths. Since they preferred to live in the upgraded comfortable dwellings, landlords have constructed such apartment buildings for them. This means gentrification by landlords. And the residents are marginal gentrifiers.The construction of residential buildings is made possible the existence of sites of closed textile factories. Since the demand for the residential buildings has increased in the latter 1980's, they have been built in sites where houses have been pulled down. Therefore displacement of residences has increased in recent years.This phenomenon has many points of resemblance to gentrification in the Western countries. If this trend continues the local inhabitants and the attractive townspace of historical houses will be lost. There is a danger that the pecuriality of this district cannot be maintained.

Thermal comfort is an important factor for the design of buildings that offers comfortable indoor environment for the wellbeing of building occupants. There are several residential building typologies at different locations in the world. These includes bungalows, duplexes and block of flats. Despite previous studies on thermal comfort in Nigeria, there is a lack of research data on the performance of different building types, especially in terms of thermal comfort. Hence, this study evolved to investigate three popular types of residential buildings in Nigeria. The research outcome aims to provide data for theoretical evolution on the thermal behavior of these building types. The paper used dynamic thermal simulation, natural ventilation mode to analyze three residential buildings in Lokoja, Nigeria using hourly weather data for a period of 10 years. The simulation results showed that the annual operative temperature for the three cases were 33.360C, 33.620C and 33.650C. This revealed that there is no significant difference between the operative temperatures of the three case studies. However, there were marked differences between both the monthly and annual solar gains of the case buildings. The total annual gains for the three case studies were 24118.27kWh, 20497.90kWh, and 39493.09kWh. Although there was no significant difference in the performances of the case buildings, there performed differently in terms of both operative temperature and solar gains. The simulation results confirmed thermal discomfort in residential buildings in the study area. This calls for improvement in the design of residential buildings in the study area to enhance thermal comfort and reduce energy demand due to overdependence on mechanical cooling systems. This study has provided data that is expected to guide design professionals and other stakeholders in the building industry in their decisions regarding the thermal performance of residential building types in the study area and in similar climates.

The purpose of the study is to identify the main typological, space-planning, constructive, stylistic and town-planning features of residential buildings designed by the Municipal union of Novosibirsk housing cooperatives in the years of the first five-year plan. Research objectives: 1) To substantiate the need for a transition to stone construction and the benefits of the development of quarterly residential buildings in Novosibirsk during the first five-year plan; 2) Determine the main types and types of housing, the development of which was engaged Gorshilsoyuz in the study period; 3) Analyze the most characteristic objects designed by Gorzhilsoyuz in the 1930s. The method of work is based on a comprehensive analysis of archival materials from the Novosibirsk State Archive (GANO) and funds of the Museum of the History of Architecture of Siberia named after S.N. Balandin (Novosibirsk), as well as literary sources and materials of periodicals. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time, based on an analysis of residential building projects created by the Gorzhilsoyuz, their architectural and typological features and compositional and stylistic features are identified and compared in detail. Founded in 1925, the Municipal union of Novosibirsk housing cooperatives (Gorzhilsoyuz) began its activities with the design of wooden residential buildings for housing cooperatives. In the years of the first five-year plan, this organization switched to the design of stone multi-apartment residential buildings based on socialist type housing principles. If in the previous period, most residential buildings had a unified space-planning solution, which did not include other functions besides housing, in 1928–1932 the city began to embody the original projects of new types of not only multi-family buildings, but also quarterly residential complexes, which included in their structure public housing and service facilities. The first example of a quarter residential development of the city was the “garden-quarter of a new type” of the housing cooperative “Pechatnik”. The design of residential buildings involved professionals Gorzhilsoyuz. The corner multisection apartment building had in the ground floor: shops, a dining room, a pharmacy, a kindergarten, a red corner; in the basement were: showers, bathrooms and laundry. Decorative belts and rizalits were the main architectural elements of the main facade. In 1929–1930 housing cooperatives “Medrabotnic” and “Khimik” built two corner multi-section residential buildings according to the projects of the Gorzhilsoyuz. Multi-apartment building “Medrabotnic” consists of four sections. Standard ordinary end sections had two apartments on the floor: three- and four-room apartments, each of which housed a kitchen, a bathroom, and a bathroom. A store was designed on the first floor of the rotary section, and on each floor above are two three-room apartments (without bathrooms) and one four-room (second to fourth floor) apartments. The residential building of the “Khimik” was the first five-story building in Novosibirsk and was conceived as a communal house. The house provided separate sleeping areas for: adults and children. However, due to the change in the ideological line of the government, the project was converted into an apartment building with shops on the ground floor. The facades of the house spatially overlap with the facades of the building “Medrabotnic”. The residential four-storey building of the housing cooperative “Rabochaya piatiletka”, built in 1930 according to the drawings of the Gorzhilsoyuz, was designed as a communal house. The project was supposed to accommodate people in separate age groups. On the ground floor there was a dining room with a kitchen, administrative rooms and bedrooms for the elderly. On the second floor there were the bedrooms of adults and children of eight years of age. The third and fourth floors were occupied by bedrooms of adults and children up to 16 years. Half of the fourth floor had social functions. The basement was allocated for laundry, boiler room and pantry products. However, in connection with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) “On work on the restructuring of life” (dated May 16, 1930), the dormitory was re-planned, and later became an administrative building.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to quantify the energy heating performance of apartment buildings in Kosovo built after 2003 and compare it against the energy heating performance of buildings in member states of EU and selected European countries.Design/methodology/approachThis paper takes a case study approach focussed on the assessment of the heating energy performance of the building. This approach facilitated a detailed calculation of the selected materials’ energy performance used in a representative building structure in Kosovo comparing with passive buildings standard and energy heating performance of buildings in member states of EU and selected European countries.FindingsResults of quantitative research find that the energy heating performance of apartment buildings in Kosovo built after 2003 is far higher than that of passive buildings standard and is better than the average annual energy heating performance of apartment buildings in member states of the EU and selected European countries.Research limitations/implicationsThe research provides new knowledge regarding energy heating performance in new residential buildings in Kosovo and compares the findings with earlier research and energy consumption in other selected European countries. The research provides great benefits for researchers and practitioners working in the field of energy management as it compares the energy performance of residential buildings across Europe.Originality/valueThis paper provides a perspective on investigating the energy performance of a building structure of a residential apartment building in Prishtina, Kosovo. By unveiling the level of energy consumption of a residential apartment building in Kosovo representative of the new construction period can help the facility managers to acknowledge the standards they must achieve to refurbish the old building stock to achieve at least the same standard as the buildings in the new construction period.

It was noted that among the most important indicators characterizing the effectiveness of enterprises engaged in the field of housing and communal services, the results of the introduction of energysaving technologies and technical solutions are necessarily taken into account. Investment projects are the basis of such decisions. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of measures to improve the heat supply of residential apartment buildings using the example of an investment project in the Vostochny residential complex of Samara. The article highlights the results of the performed economic analysis of the project to improve the supply of hot water to apartment buildings of the residential complex. The reason for the development of the investment project was the lack of a centralized hot water supply system in residential buildings. The situation was due to the failure of the heat exchange equipment. In order to improve the heat supply of residential apartment buildings, the project provides for the laying of a new route with a length of 1,500 meters from the district boiler house of the municipal enterprise to residential buildings. The total amount of funds required for the implementation of the project amounted to 5640 thousand rubles. To invest the project, it is planned to use the own funds of the municipal enterprise providing heat supply to houses - the items «depreciation» and «profit.» The economic indicators expected from the implementation of the measures were investigated. It was revealed that the construction and commissioning of a new hot water supply route in the Vostochny residential complex will ensure the formation of profits: by the end of the first year of operation - 11 thousand rubles, by the end of the second year of operation - 326 thousand rubles, by the end of the third year of operation - 502 thousand rubles. The payback period of the investment project is very significant and will be 19 years. Conclusions: the studies showed the financial feasibility of the investment project and the economic effectiveness of measures to improve the heat supply of residential apartment buildings in a residential microdistrict.

Architecture, and particularly the architecture of housing, has been critically important in the history of humanity; however, its analysis has not often addressed all of its complexity. There is a need to understand the built structures as a fundamental component of urban form and their historical evolution as the result of a dialogue with the city as a whole. In this context, and to contribute to this analysis, this paper discusses how urban tissues and residential types emerged during the twentieth century in the city of Cuenca (Ecuador). A two-stage qualitative and exploratory methodology was used: a) the identification of urban tissues related to residential uses that, jointly with the compilation and analysis of historical maps, allowed the understanding of the city’s overall evolution; and b) the documentation of residential building types through the analysis of databases and historical archives that provided 221 case studies. From this, seven residential types were defined: Courtyard Houses, Houses on Steep Slopes, Compact Houses, Urban Villas, Attached Houses, Row Houses, and Residential Blocks. All types appear or evolve adapting to the conditions of the city, the changing needs of society, the external influences, and based on the form of their predecessor.

Typical residential earth buildings in Southern Hunan area are of civil engineering structure, namely, adobe walls, wooden doors and windows, wooden roof truss covered by blue tiles. In this paper, the author made a field mapping and energy consumption survey on a typical residential building in Southern Hunan area, and conducted an indoor test on heat and humidity index in summer and winter. The results are shown as follows: The typical residential buildings in Southern Hunan area are of good thermal insulating properties; and the environmental friendly local materials are easily obtained for construction. In the end of this paper, the author proposes a solution to overcome the defect of high relative humidity index through the enhancement of air tightness and reasonable ventilation.

The Ricochet Effect of Bad News