Formalización del mercado laboral y violencia doméstica contra las mujeres en Brasil

The paper aims to assess the wage differential that would induce workers to switch between informal and formal sectors, analysing the informal labour market in the Colombian Caribbean region. Relying on the theory of equalising differences, we uncover which workers perceive the highest utility from holding a formal job. Our research sheds light on how workers derive utility from formal and informal job sectors' benefits and to which extent informal workers are willing to accept a lower (or higher) wage to get a job in the formal sector. We also analyse the factors increasing the likelihood to seek employment in the formal sector. Results suggest that, on average, informal workers in the study region are willing to switch to a formal job only if they are offered a salary higher than their current income but are also willing to accept a salary slightly lower than the legal minimum wage in the formal sector. Finally, perceptions of benefits from formal and informal jobs vary with the socio-economic characteristics of individuals, especially by education level and previous work experience.

Social and ethnic inequalities in the offer and uptake of prenatal screening and diagnosis in the UK: a systematic review

Breast Cancer: Breast CancerEvidence shows that breast cancer risk and outcomes vary significantly across races and ethnicity, and understanding why these disparities exist is critical for the improvement of patient care, outcomes, and quality of life. Recent research demonstrated that the microbiome and immune microenvironments of breast tumors vary significantly among women of different races, according to senior study author Dipali Sharma, PhD, Professor of Oncology in the Women's Malignancies Disease Group with the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, and a John Fetting Fund for Breast Cancer Prevention researcher. These findings, which were recently published in npj Breast Cancer, have potential clinical implications for the prediction of disease progression and/or response to treatment (2023; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41523-023-00505-6). White women have the highest lifetime risk of breast cancer incidence (13%) when compared with American Indian and Alaska Native (8%), Asian & Pacific Islander (11%), Black (12%), and Hispanic (11%) women, according to Sharma and colleagues, who noted that the risk of breast cancer among younger Black women—under the age of 45 years—is higher versus their age-matched White counterparts. While the incidence of breast cancer among Asian women has historically been lower than their Western counterparts, the research team noted an exponential increase in Asia and Southeast Asia in recent years. “Breast cancer-related mortality has been on a decline for the past several decades, but Black women are at a 40 percent higher risk of dying because of breast cancer,” emphasized Sharma, while discussing her team's research with Oncology Times. “Black women are likely to develop a more aggressive form of breast cancer—triple-negative breast cancer—at a younger age,” she said. “This disparity in breast cancer-related mortality prompted us to examine factors other than cancer cells themselves. Since the breast harbors rich microbiota, we aimed to examine the microbial population in breast tumors from women of different races.” Study Details Genomic and metagenomic data was examined from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort, which included 1,018 breast cancer patients from different races—Asian (65 patients), Black (257 patients), and White (696 patients). TCGA data includes self-reported race groups in the U.S. “Self-reported race in the U.S. is largely associated with socioeconomic status, geographic location, and access to health care among other factors; and has been used by multiple studies to determine the biological differences among race groups,” Sharma and colleagues stated. Among the TCGA Asian dataset, the study authors reported that 74 percent of samples were collected in Vietnam, 9 percent in the U.S., and 3 percent in Pakistan. The remaining 15 percent were gathered from repositories around the U.S. “In the TCGA Black dataset, only two out of 257 Black breast cancer patients were Hispanic, which accounts for less than 0.8 percent of the sample population,” they noted. “Hence, we consider this dataset to be a fair representation of the non-Hispanic Black group.” Data showed unique cellular, microbial, and genomic features among the breast tumors of Asian, Black, and White women. These findings, according to the study authors, could potentially help personalize care and/or predict disease progression. Sharma and colleagues analyzed the specific 64-cell signatures of breast tumors among the patients using a web-based tool. This analysis revealed distinct, statistically significant variations among races in 11 of the cell types. The study authors observed the most distinct difference between tumors from Black and White women. Comparatively, the tumors of Asian and Black women had the least pronounced differences. “The tumors from Black women had significantly higher levels of activated dendritic cells, B cells, epithelial cells, megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors (MEP), mesenchymal stem cells, sebocytes, and Th1 cells, and significantly lower proportions of endothelial cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and smooth muscle cells compared to the tumors from White women,” Sharma and her team reported. “The only significant difference between the tumors from Asian and Black women was the higher proportion of smooth muscle cells in the Asian group in comparison to the Black group.” Additionally, the researchers found a significantly lower proportion of hematopoietic stem cells in tumors from Asian women when compared with White women. Conversely, MEPs and Th1 cells were significantly higher in tumors from Asian women. Other observations showed that interferon gamma was higher among tumors from Asian women and CXCL9, which plays a role in immune activation, was overexpressed in tumors from Black women. Sharma and colleagues also examined the microbiota among these tumors and found that the breast tumor microbes of Asian women did not differ significantly when compared to either their Black or White counterparts. However, the data revealed significantly diverse microbe compositions among breast tumors from Black and White women. “Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus, Paracoccus, and Akkermansia were differentially abundant in breast tumors from Black women compared to the White group whereas Actinomyces and Veillonella were plentiful in breast tumors from White women in comparison to Black women,” the study authors stated. Among Asian women, potential race-specific microbial biomarkers of breast cancer identified by the researchers correlated with genes involved in tumor aggressiveness, blood vessel growth, tumor cell migration and metastasis, and the cancer pathways GLI1 and Notch. Pseudomonas and Methylobacter were recognized as microbial biomarkers. “The role of microbiota in breast cancer is only starting to be revealed and the racial differences have hardly been considered. The microbiome is cumulatively shaped by various environmental, lifestyle, dietary, disease, and treatment-associated factors,” Sharma and investigators explained. “It is important to note that Asian, Black, and White women face different socioenvironmental stressors (e.g., poverty, racism, discrimination, etc.) in the U.S. “It is plausible that these differences in exposures may have consequences in differences in the tumor microenvironment,” they suggested. “Microbiota is an important regulator of immunity, hormone metabolism, and energetics and a dysbiosis significantly impacts cancer risk, shapes the tumor microenvironment, and determines therapy response.” Importantly, the researchers also found that several oncogenic pathways were significantly upregulated in tumors from Black women, including phosphatidylinositol signaling, mTOR signaling, calcium signaling, and phosphotransferase system. “ABC transporters were also upregulated in tumors from Black women, which are known to be responsible for the development of chemotherapy resistance in breast cancers,” Sharma and colleagues wrote. “Surprisingly, VEGF signaling was downregulated in the same set. Two important oncogenic pathways, Notch and WNT, were also found to be upregulated in tumors from Black women (though not statistically significant).” In an analysis of gene expression profiles, the researchers identified 394 differentially expressed genes between breast tumors from Asian women versus Black women. The same examination identified 381 and 127 differentially expressed genes to be significantly different between Black women versus White women and Asian women versus White women Sharma and colleagues uncovered, respectively. When looking at the connection between genes and microbial biomarkers, the study authors found that the gene GLI1 has a positive correlation with the bacteria Terrabacter in tumors from Asian and Black women. The gene showed a negative correlation with Succinomonas in tumors from both races. “These results indicate a possible role of intratumor microbiota in tumor vasculogenesis and thus warrant further investigation,” Sharma and colleagues noted. By investigating the metabolic features of intratumoral microbes, the researchers found a “significant differential enrichment of environmental information processing pathways, oncogenic pathways, and lipid metabolism pathways.” “Concomitantly investigating tumor-centric, tumor immune microenvironment-related, and microbial alterations, our study provides a comprehensive understanding of racial disparities in breast cancer and warrants further exploration,” the investigators concluded. Sharma acknowledged that sample size is a significant limitation, and larger studies need to be conducted to identify key microbes of importance. The Johns Hopkins-led research team plans to validate their findings in a larger cohort of patients. Additional investigative aims include gaining a better understanding of the impact microbes in breast tumors have on disease progression, as well as developing microbe-based biomarkers, according to Sharma. “The study paves the path for further explorations as we try to understand this whole network more mechanistically,” she said. Clinical Significance Despite significant and ongoing therapeutic advancements in breast cancer, racial disparities in clinical outcomes remain a challenge that must be addressed. “The factors governing racial disparities in breast cancer are multifactorial and can include socioeconomic status, access to primary care, timely referrals, and health and nutrition,” Sharma said, in a statement. “However, it is important to identify additional modifiers for these differences. Our study demonstrates that the microbiome and immune microenvironments of breast tumors also vary significantly among women of different ethnicities and could potentially be used as biomarkers to predict disease progression or response to treatment.” This is the first study that shows the differential enrichment of microbes in breast tumors from women of different races, according to Sharma, who noted that “most research projects aiming to understand racial disparity in cancer have focused on tumor-related changes, but this research looks beyond the tumor cells and identifies differential enrichment of residential bacteria. “Moving forward, we can plan studies encompassing tumor-centric changes, as well as tumor microenvironment-related changes, including resident microbes, to provide a more comprehensive picture of the key processes related to tumor initiation and development in women of different races,” she told Oncology Times, while noting that the overall aim is to “develop microbe-based biomarkers for breast cancer initiation and progression and explain the higher burden of breast cancer in Black women.” Catlin Nalley is a contributing writer. Read This Article and Earn CME or NCPD! Earn continuing education credit by completing a quiz about this article. You may read the article here or on our website, then complete the quiz, answering at least 70 percent of the questions correctly to earn credit. CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION INFORMATION FOR PHYSICIANS Visit http://CME.LWW.com for more information about this educational offering and to complete the CME activity. This enduring material is available to physicians in all specialties. Lippincott Continuing Medical Education Institute, Inc., is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians. Lippincott Continuing Medical Education Institute, Inc., designates this enduring material for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. This activity expires June 19, 2025. The cost of the exam is $10. 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Learning Objectives for This Month's Activity: After participating in this activity, readers should be better able to 1. Synthesize the findings from the analysis of the 64-cell signatures of breast tumors among The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Asian, Black, and White patient datasets. 2. Identify a factor responsible for the development of chemotherapy resistance in breast cancers. Disclosure: All authors, faculty, staff, and planners have no relevant financial relationships with any ineligible organizations regarding this educational activity.

HomeRadiology: Imaging CancerVol. 3, No. 4 PreviousNext Research HighlightsFree AccessImpact of Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status on Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Access and UseKenneth Wimmer, Kimberly RayKenneth Wimmer, Kimberly RayKenneth WimmerKimberly RayPublished Online:Jul 30 2021https://doi.org/10.1148/rycan.2021219013MoreSectionsPDF ToolsImage ViewerAdd to favoritesCiteTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked In Take-Away Points■ Major Focus: To evaluate sociodemographic disparities regarding access to and use of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) for screening.■ Key Result: From 2011 to 2017, DBT access and use became more equitable across sociodemographic groups overall, but disparities were evident during early implementation and persisted throughout the study period for Black and Asian women, as well as women with less than a high school education and those living in rural areas.■ Impact: Efforts are needed to address barriers to DBT access and uptake among underserved women.In 2011, the Food and Drug Administration approved DBT, which has been shown in large, multicenter screening studies to improve cancer detection rates and decrease recall rates when compared to conventional two-dimensional mammography. DBT adoption has been hampered by equipment costs and inconsistent insurance coverage. Lee et al hypothesized that traditionally underserved populations have limited access to DBT and that these individuals would undergo DBT less frequently when available. The authors conducted a cross-sectional study of 2 313 118 screening examinations performed from 2011 to 2017 across 92 geographically diverse centers that are members of the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium. Of these examinations, 87.3% were performed in community settings unaffiliated with academic centers.Overall rates of DBT use were lower among Black (37.7%), Hispanic (44%), and Asian (42.8%) women relative to White women (53.1%). Women with lower educational attainment (defined as less than high school vs college level) and those who lived in zip codes with lower median income (defined as lowest vs highest income quartile) also demonstrated relatively lower DBT use rates (40.8% vs 50.6% and 43.9% vs. 51.4%, respectively). Disparities were most pronounced during the initial years of DBT adoption. For example, the relative risk of on-site DBT access for Black relative to White women was 0.05 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.11) in 2012, but increased during the study to peak at 1.28 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.56) in 2016. However, by the end of the study period, the authors observed persistent inequities in DBT access for Asian women, as well as women with less than a high school education and those living in rural areas.Interestingly, despite an improvement in DBT access over time, Black women consistently used DBT less than White women throughout the study period. This latter observation is especially salient as Black women are more likely than White women to present with advanced-stage breast cancer at the time of diagnosis. Thus, decreased DBT use by Black women may exacerbate existing racial disparities in breast cancer outcomes.Overall, the findings of the present study are consistent with prior studies showing that minorities and those of lower socioeconomic status experience delayed and diminished benefits from advanced imaging technologies. The ability to pay out-of-pocket and awareness of the relative benefits and risks of newer screening technologies are likely to influence DBT use. As practices continue to transition to offering DBT, results of this study should inform the efforts of radiology practices and policy makers to address barriers to DBT access and uptake among underserved populations.Highlighted ArticleLee, CI, Zhu, W, Onega, T, et al. Comparative access to and use of digital breast tomosynthesis screening by women's race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4(2):e2037546. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.37546Highlighted ArticleLee, CI, Zhu, W, Onega, T, et al. Comparative access to and use of digital breast tomosynthesis screening by women’s race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4(2):e2037546. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.37546 Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarArticle HistoryPublished online: July 30 2021 FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsRecommended Articles Clinical Performance of Synthesized Two-dimensional Mammography Combined with Tomosynthesis in a Large Screening PopulationRadiology2017Volume: 283Issue: 1pp. 70-76Relationship between Race and Access to Newer Mammographic Technology in Women with Medicare InsuranceRadiology2022Volume: 306Issue: 2Addressing Racial Inequities in Access to State-of-the-Art Breast ImagingRadiology2022Volume: 306Issue: 2Does Reader Performance with Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Vary according to Experience with Two-dimensional Mammography?Radiology2017Volume: 283Issue: 2pp. 371-380Racial Disparities in Digital Breast Tomosynthesis ScreeningRadiology: Imaging Cancer2021Volume: 3Issue: 4See More RSNA Education Exhibits Let’s Talk about Next-Generation Breast Cancer Screening Programs: How Should We Do? What Should We Use?Digital Posters2020Encouraging Mammography Screening: Strategies for Designing a Culturally and Linguistically Targeted Breast Cancer Educational Program for a Multicultural PopulationDigital Posters2018Developing a Personalized Breast Screening Program and Centralized Breast Imaging Center in a Community-Based Health Network: A How-To Guide with Clinical OutcomesDigital Posters2018 RSNA Case Collection Invasive Lobular CarcinomaRSNA Case Collection2021Breast edemaRSNA Case Collection2021Deodorant ArtifactRSNA Case Collection2021 Vol. 3, No. 4 Metrics Altmetric Score PDF download

Comparison of metabolic syndrome elements in White and Asian women with polycystic ovary syndrome: results of a regional, American cross-sectional study

SummaryBackgroundDiagnosis of gestational diabetes predicts risk of infants who are large for gestational age (LGA) and with high adiposity, which in turn aims to predict a future risk of obesity in the offspring. South Asian women have higher risk of gestational diabetes, lower risk of LGA, and on average give birth to infants with greater adiposity than do white European women. Whether the same diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes should apply to both groups of women is unclear. We aimed to assess the association between maternal glucose and adverse perinatal outcomes to ascertain whether thresholds used to diagnose gestational diabetes should differ between south Asian and white British women. We also aimed to assess whether ethnic origin affected prevalence of gestational diabetes irrespective of criteria used.MethodsWe used data (including results of a 26–28 week gestation oral glucose tolerance test) of women from the Born in Bradford study, a prospective study that recruited women attending the antenatal clinic at the Bradford Royal Infirmary, UK, between 2007 and 2011 and who intended to give birth to their infant in that hospital. We studied the association between fasting and 2 h post-load glucose and three primary outcomes (LGA [defined as birthweight >90th percentile for gestational age], high infant adiposity [sum of skinfolds >90th percentile for gestational age], and caesarean section). We calculated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for a 1 SD increase in fasting and post-load glucose. We established fasting and post-load glucose thresholds that equated to an OR of 1·75 for LGA and high infant adiposity in each group of women to identify ethnic-specific criteria for diagnosis of gestational diabetes.FindingsOf 13 773 pregnancies, 3420 were excluded from analyses. Of 10 353 eligible pregnancies, 4088 women were white British, 5408 were south Asian, and 857 were of other ethnic origin. The adjusted ORs of LGA per 1 SD fasting glucose were 1·22 (95% CI 1·08–1·38) in white British women and 1·43 (1·23–1·67) in south Asian women (pinteraction with ethnicity = 0·39). Results for high infant adiposity were 1·35 (1·23–1·49) and 1·35 (1·18–1·54; pinteraction with ethnicity=0·98), and for caesarean section they were 1·06 (0·97–1·16) and 1·11 (1·02–1·20; pinteraction with ethnicity=0·47). Associations between post-load glucose and the three primary outcomes were weaker than for fasting glucose. A fasting glucose concentration of 5·4 mmol/L or a 2 h post-load level of 7·5 mmol/L identified white British women with 75% or higher relative risk of LGA or high infant adiposity; in south Asian women, the cutoffs were 5·2 mmol/L or 7·2 mml/L; in the whole cohort, the cutoffs were 5·3 mmol/L or 7·5 mml/L. The prevalence of gestational diabetes in our cohort ranged from 1·2% to 8·7% in white British women and 4% to 24% in south Asian women using six different criteria. Compared with the application of our whole-cohort criteria, use of our ethnic-specific criteria increased the prevalence of gestational diabetes in south Asian women from 17·4% (95% CI 16·4–18·4) to 24·2% (23·1–25·3).InterpretationOur data support the use of lower fasting and post-load glucose thresholds to diagnose gestational diabetes in south Asian than white British women. They also suggest that diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes recommended by UK NICE might underestimate the prevalence of gestational diabetes compared with our criteria or those recommended by the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups and WHO, especially in south Asian women.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research.

10524 Background: To examine trends in postmenopausal breast cancer and mammogram utilization in Asian and White women in the United States. Methods: Data on postmenopausal breast cancer was obtained from the United States Cancer Statistics Public Use Database from 2001 and 2018. Rates of mammogram screening for women ages 18 and older were evaluated using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) between 2000 and 2018. Obesity rates for women ages 18 and older were extracted from BRFSS between 2001 and 2016. SEER*Stat 8.3.8 and Joinpoint regression program 4.8.0.1 were used to calculate incidence trends. Breast cancer incidence and trends were described using average annual percent change (AAPC). Mammogram screening trends were described using average biennial percent change (ABPC). Obesity trends were described using AAPC. Age groups were divided into five-year or ten-year intervals. Results: The incidence of metastatic postmenopausal breast cancer in women was 19.48/100,000 in 2018 has increased by 1.03% annually over the past eighteen years (p = 0.000). In 2018, the incidence of advanced-stage breast cancer in Asian and White women was 12.17/100,000 and 19.17/100,000 respectively. Over time, the incidence of advanced-stage breast cancer has increased in Asian women by 2.19% annually (p = 0.000), but remained stable in White women. In a subset analysis of early-stage breast cancer, there was no difference in both Asian and White women. Using the BRFSS data, we evaluated the utilization of mammograms. In the overall population, 20.92% were newer screened and this was higher in Asian women at 40.99% compared to 18.17% in White women in the year 2018. Given the potential association of obesity and breast cancer, we then evaluated the rate of obesity in these two groups. Our data showed that the incidence of obesity was low in Asian women at 12.8% compared to 28.13% in White women. Conclusions: There is an increased incidence of advanced-stage breast cancer in Asian women in the U.S. Although Asian women are less obese but they are also less likely to undergo screening compared to White women.

Global understandings of domestic violence

Children Witnessing Domestic and Family Violence: A Widespread Occurrence during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic

Purpose This study investigates the relationship between informal employment (IE) and economic growth (EG) across countries at different stages of development. Specifically, it examines whether IE promotes or constrains EG, and whether institutional factors such as economic freedom (EF) and government expenditure (GE) moderate this relationship. Design/methodology/approach The study employs a balanced panel dataset of 161 countries from 2011 to 2019. Long-run econometric estimators including fixed effects, fully modified ordinary least squares and dynamic ordinary least squares are applied to address endogeneity, serial correlation and unobserved heterogeneity. IE is treated as the key independent variable, while per capita income, GE, EF and unemployment are included as control variables. A quadratic specification is incorporated to capture non-linear threshold effects. Findings The results confirm a statistically significant inverted U-shaped relationship between informality and EG. Moderate levels of IE initially support growth, but excessive informality inhibits gross domestic product (GDP) per capita growth. EF and GE exert significant positive effects on growth. Unemployment exhibits an indirect short-run positive effect by pushing workers into informal activities that sustain consumption and productivity. The positive growth effect of informality is strongest in emerging economies and weakest in high-income countries. Research limitations/implications This study reinforces the need to incorporate IE into mainstream economic development models rather than treating it as a residual labour category. The findings confirm that the relationship between informality and growth is non-linear and income-dependent, suggesting that future research should examine threshold levels of informality across different institutional settings and sectors. The results also highlight the importance of accounting for unpaid and informal work in national accounts, labour-market modelling, and development theory. Scholars may further extend this research by exploring how digitalisation, automation, and financial inclusion influence the transition from informal to formal employment. Practical implications The results show that the informal sector (IS) is a major source of jobs and economic stability, especially in emerging economies. Policies should not try to remove informality suddenly but should improve working conditions and support a gradual shift toward formality. Measures such as skills development, entrepreneurship support, financial inclusion, and digital access can increase income and productivity. Policy design should differ across income groups and sectors because the impact of informality on growth is not uniform. Social implications The IS plays a central role in reducing poverty by offering work to low income and vulnerable groups. Expanding access to microfinance, social protection, and skill building can improve income security and reduce inequality. Supporting informal workers can contribute to more inclusive growth where formal jobs are limited. Originality/value This study is one of the few that analyses the nonlinear link between IE and EG across many countries while combining dual sector theory, the Kuznets curve, and institutional perspectives. It offers evidence for designing development policies that support inclusive and sustainable growth.

Clinical characteristics, bone mineral density and non-vertebral osteoporotic fracture outcomes among post-menopausal U.S. South Asian Women

Purpose– Grounded in an emergent recognition that those people in formal employment conduct the vast majority of work in the shadow economy, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate for the first time the degree to which shadow work is conducted by those in formal jobs and the characteristics of those in formal employment who participate in the shadow economy.Design/methodology/approach– To do this, the authors report a 2007 survey of participation in the shadow economy involving 26,659 face-to-face interviews conducted in 27 European Union (EU) member states.Findings– The finding is that in the EU, the formally employed undertake a disproportionate share of work in the shadow economy. Analysing the characteristics of the employed most likely to work in the shadow economy, however, it is those who benefit least from the formal economy, namely, younger unmarried men and on lower incomes living in rural areas, working in the construction sector and in small firms.Research limitations/implications– The outcome is a tentative call for recognition that although people in formal employment conduct the vast majority of work in the shadow economy, these are mostly particular vulnerable and weaker groups of the formally employed. Whether similar findings prevail at other spatial scales and in other global regions now needs investigating.Practical implications– This survey displays the need for policy not to target the unemployed but particular groups of the formally employed.Originality/value– The first extensive evaluation of the extent to which shadow work is conducted by those in formal jobs and the characteristics of those in formal employment who participate in the shadow economy.

A comparison of urinary incontinence among African American, Asian, Hispanic, and white women

A COMPARISON OF URODYNAMIC DIAGNOSES AND DETRUSOR MUSCLE FUNCTION IN WHITE AND SOUTH INDIAN ASIAN WOMEN

Adverse pregnancy outcomes attributable to socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities in England: a national cohort study