Abstract
<p class="Default">This work is an empiric – theory revision which evidences the existence of two irrigation sectors in the Andean countries: a formal one, mainly located in plain low lands, controlled by the government, mostly directed to agribusiness producers and, in a smaller proportion, to small holders; the other sector, informal irrigation, is directly managed by the producers, usually family farmers, without government control and without being reported in national statistics; this second sector is principally located in the Andean mountains. Nowadays there are several institutions for the access to water which are associated to different stakeholders, so conflicts between different kinds of users emerge.</p>
Highlights
Mots-clés: développement agricole; irrigation ; Andes; irrigation informelle; systèmes de culture; gestion de l'eau cuad. desarro. rural, bogotá 11 (74) Y 75--99, julio – diciembre 2014. They have social and ecosystem differences, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú and Venezuela are called Andean countries due to the fact that they share the presence of the northern and central Andes as well as some common patterns, like those related to irrigation schemes, as it will be described
Zimmerer (1995) demonstrated that irrigation was already used in Taratá (Cochabamba, Bolivia) 3500 years ago, which allowed the settlement of later empires such as Tiwanaku, Inca and Spanish
Irrigation systems are composed of human agents along with physical infrastructure, social infrastructure, institutional infrastructure and biophysical processes that interact in complex ways (Cifdaloz, Regmi, Anderies & Rodríguez, 2010, p. 2), so irrigation water management is regulated by great variety of institutions
Summary
They have social and ecosystem differences, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú and Venezuela are called Andean countries due to the fact that they share the presence of the northern and central Andes as well as some common patterns, like those related to irrigation schemes, as it will be described. It is common to observe the coexistence, in one zone, of diverse types of agricultural production and irrigation systems in the Andean countries, a differentiated geographical distribution which predominates in the irrigation systems is evidenced: medium and large scale formal irrigation systems developed in low plain zones, and small scale systems, mainly informal ones, developed by family farmers in mountainous zones; this constitutes a dual system, or two tiered system as Trawick Cuad. desarro. rural, bogotá (colombia) ii (74) Y 75--99, julio – diciembre 2014 by descriptions that go from formal to informal irrigation systems; at the end, conclusions are presented, evidencing that irrigation systems are diverse, complex and work in a panorama were different institutions, visions, agricultural systems, and economic pressures over water coexist
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