Forest Park Visitors Opinions and Willingness to Pay for Sustainable Development of the Germia Forest and Recreational Park

Сажетак: Гајење шума је научна и основна стручна шумарска дисциплина, која се бави природним обнављањем, његом, мелиорацијом и подизањем нових шума с циљем оптималног и трајног испуњавања еколошких, социјалних и економских функција шума. Ефекти узгојних мјера у контексту одрживости често могу бити у супротности јер неке узгојне мјере могу бити веома корисне за одрживост производности и квалитета шума, али нису довољно добре за очување станишта или за остале услуге шума. Сложеност гајења шума настаје као посљедица хетерогености шумских екосистема у погледу еколошких услова и биоеколошких особина врста, усљед чега настају различити структурни облици који утичу на њихову одрживост и стабилност. Као посљедица природних поремећаја који утичу на реакцију и промјену еколошких и структурних особина шума настали су алтернативни шумскоузгојни системи који су у контексту савременог појма одрживости засновани на гајењу мјешовитих разнодобних шума, сложене структуре, у чијем саставу доминирају аутохтоне врсте дрвећа. Један од најважнијих показатеља природности шума јесте природно обнављање, којим се наставља природна трајност шума. Током посљедњих неколико деценија

Global trends of increasing threat to forests and the environment, as well as the efforts of humanity to achieve greater material and economic benefits have influenced the acceptance of the concept of sustainable development and forest management. Sustainability in forestry is applied as a principle of regulated management that has long been associated with the concept of sustainability (continuity) of production, yield and income. It represents the basic principle of forest management in the Republic of Srpska in which the priority is the production (economic) function. Sustainable forest development is enabled if forests are managed in such a way as to preserve their biodiversity, productivity, natural regeneration, vitality, and their potential so that forests now and in the future perform significant ecological, economic and social functions locally, nationally and globally. level. Regarding indicators of sustainable forest management, there are differences between organizations, so there is a need to achieve widely recognized harmonization in order to facilitate the analysis and adoption of measures to improve sustainable forest management. Forestry is often viewed in the context of overall sustainable development, because the SDGs goals affirmed the economic and environmental component of sustainable development. Strategic development goals in modern European forestry are of a sectoral, social, political, economic and environmental nature. The United Nations has defined 17 basic goals of sustainable development, and almost all of them are directly and indirectly related to forestry. The global goals and measures in forestry that need to be achieved by 2030 are: stopping the trend of forest loss around the world, increasing economic, environmental and social support provided by forests, increasing the area of protected forests and strengthening cooperation and partnerships in scientific and technical forestry. Due to the mutual interaction and contradictions of goals and measures, certain compromises are needed, and due to the pronounced multifunctionality of forests and the manner of their use, the principles of certification of sustainable forest management have been promoted. The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC 1993) and Program for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC 1999) are mainly applied. In the Republic of Srpska, the FSC FM certificate has been held by JPŠ "Šume Republike Srpske" a.d. since 2008. Sokolac, while private forests are not certified. In the Republika Srpska/BiH, FSC standards for sustainable forest management have been developed, which have been used since March 22, 2020. years (FSC 2019) and have a validity period of five years. The evaluation of the functions of our forests is not always in line with modern trends in the evaluation of forest resources, because the indicators related to productivity from the point of view of raw material base, growth and simple reproduction are quantified. Forestry development guidelines must be strategically focused on priority areas: forest cultivation and protection, development of a sustainable environment, development of human resources and education systems, and business use of information and communication technology. Necessary coherence, complementarity and integration of sustainable development goals have influenced the inclusion of forestry as an important economic activity for achieving human health, access to renewable energy, food, drinking water, the fight against climate change and others. Contemporary intentions that are insisted on when it comes to the importance of forest ecosystems, and current topics in the process of education, forestry science and profession relate to ecosystem services and biodiversity, forest protection, biomass production for energy, new technologies, information systems and monitoring.

Beech is a very widespread species on the entire Eurasian continent. It grows and develops in different ecological and habitat conditions in a wide horizontal and vertical amplitude. It can be found at altitudes below 100 and above 2,000 m. Beech forests develop in different age stands from young to very old (old-growth forests). They can be pure or mixed with other species or they can be very different in origin (generative or vegetative). They develop as eaven-aged or uneaven-aged stands, and some of the beech forests have the characteristics of forests with high natural values and are very important for the conservation of biodiversity. Their natural regeneration process is of essential importance for the survival and sustainable development of beech forests. Restoration of beech forests can be achieved naturally or artificially. In modern forestry science and practice, natural forest regeneration is always preferred. The processes of natural regeneration have different development depending on whether they take place under the protection of the parent stand or take place in an open canopy in the forest or on uncultivated terrain. The density of the canopy has a great influence, so that with the increase of the canopy of the parent stand during the natural renewal, there is a decrease in the number of regeneration individuals(offsprings) in all developmental stages. During the natural regeneration in different conditions of the stand canopy and the size of the openings within the forest, the most abundant and best regeneration is observed in the openings up to 500 m², then for openings within 500 and 1,000 m², and least in openings between 1,000 and 1,500 m². This clearly indicates that large openings within the forest are not suitable for the natural regeneration of beech because the number of offsprings, which are very necessary in the younger developmental stages, is continuously decreasing. The natural renewal that develops in the conditions of circular openings within the size of up to 500 m² has the best quality structure of the offspring. In such openings, about 60% of the offspring is of good quality, about 25% is of medium quality and about 15% is of poor quality. In openings between 500 and 1,000 m2 , the number of good quality natural regeneration is reduced to 41%, the number of medium quality natural regeneration is increased to 38% and from poor quality to 21%. The quality structure of natural regeneration is further reduced in openings between 1,000 and 1,500 m² where only about 20% of the offsprings is of good quality, about 30% is of medium quality and about 50% is ofpoor quality. With openings larger than 500 m², weeds are very common. Beech stands in different habitats have large differences in their productivity, caused by the wide range of the beech forests in different habitat conditions and in different cultivation forms. Aboveground biomass in beech forests varies depending on the age of the forest, the way it is managed and used, as well as numerous environmental factors. High values of aboveground biomass in preserved oldgrowth beech forests above 750 t·ha-1 are known. Moderate values in commercial forests range between 200 and 400 t·ha-1 . In dominant trees, the largest biomass is found in tree crowns, while in subdominant and suppressed trees, the largest biomass is in the trunk, which is the result of a smaller crown due to the lack of solar radiation. Generally, 1/3 or slightly less of the aboveground biomass comes from the branches, the leaves cover about 1-2%, while the largest biomass (60- 70%) is concentrated in the tree. Dead biomass in beech forests consists of dead biomass accumulated in the forest floor, as well as in standing and lying dead biomass. Forest biomass varies in European beech forests: beech forests in the north show less biomass of 3-12 t·ha-1 , while high values (25-75 t·ha-1 ) are registered for the southeastern parts. Standing dead biomass in forests amounts to 1.2-6.0% of living aboveground biomass or 2-5 t·ha-1 . Lying dead biomass in European beech forests varies to a very large extent depending on the conservation of beech forests and their developmental stage. The European range is 32-310 m3 ∙ha-1 , and values above 130 m3 ∙ha-1 belong to the preserved beech forest reserves. When choosing methods of beech forest management, one should always take into account the biological characteristics of beech in relation to the ecological conditions in the area where beech develops. Today, various and professionally supported methods of forest management with the aim of their sustainable development demand great importance for beech forests.

This paper investigates issues confronting forest management and sustainability, focusing on the governance of the community forest user group (CFUG) initiative in Nepal. The paper begins with a literature review to give a general overview of the historical and current situation of forest governance in Nepal. It explores the historical impacts of unsustainable logging in Nepal and the World Bank Report, which both investigated and explored avenues for improving the forest situation, including community forestry. The paper outlines the development of community forestry, the legislative, regulatory, and governance frameworks underpinning this unique system of community-driven forest management, and its relationship to sustainable forest management (SFM). SFM in turn has engendered a market for sustainably derived timber and labeling systems for ‘good’ wood. The paper continues by providing an analysis of stakeholder attitudes regarding the current forest governance situation in Nepal. Furthermore, it provides another small case study on how such standards might be applied in the local community context of protecting Nepal’s Red Panda while simultaneously delivering sustainable forest management and community development. It concludes with a discussion on the need for governance standards for forest management and community forestry in Nepal.

Indonesia's forests have economic, social, and environmental benefits. Some national efforts, as well as support from the global community for sustaining forest development in Indonesia have been done. However, some problems were still reported during the implementation of the forest development. Thorough analysis was needed to formulate the root of the problems, and to identify solutions/supports to the current forest development to achieve its sustainability. Descriptive analysis was used in this study. The results indicated that sustainable forest development in Indonesia was still faced with the problems of uncertainty of management, insufficient management capacity, and lack of law enforcement. These conditions were indicated by high conflict of interests as well as lack of support from stakeholders, not enough forest management actions at site-level, and high forest degradation. Aiming at overcoming problems of sustainable forest development and maintaining sustainability of Indonesia's forest, national forest management needs to embrace more space for communication, openness, mutual learning, collaboration in addressing forest conflicts, and determining the future direction of its sustainability goal of management.

Indonesia's forests have economic, social, and environmental benefits. Some national efforts, as well as support from the global community for sustaining forest development in Indonesia have been done. However, some problems were still reported during the implementation of the forest development. Thorough analysis was needed to formulate the root of the problems, and to identify solutions/supports to the current forest development to achieve its sustainability. Descriptive analysis was used in this study. The results indicated that sustainable forest development in Indonesia was still faced with the problems of uncertainty of management, insufficient management capacity, and lack of law enforcement. These conditions were indicated by high conflict of interests as well as lack of support from stakeholders, not enough forest management actions at site-level, and high forest degradation. Aiming at overcoming problems of sustainable forest development and maintaining sustainability of Indonesia's forest, national forest management needs to embrace more space for communication, openness, mutual learning, collaboration in addressing forest conflicts, and determining the future direction of its sustainability goal of management.

Indonesia's forests have economic, social, and environmental benefits. Some national efforts, as well as support from the global community for sustaining forest development in Indonesia have been done. However, some problems were still reported during the implementation of the forest development. Thorough analysis was needed to formulate the root of the problems, and to identify solutions/supports to the current forest development to achieve its sustainability. Descriptive analysis was used in this study. The results indicated that sustainable forest development in Indonesia was still faced with the problems of uncertainty of management, insufficient management capacity, and lack of law enforcement. These conditions were indicated by high conflict of interests as well as lack of support from stakeholders, not enough forest management actions at site-level, and high forest degradation. Aiming at overcoming problems of sustainable forest development and maintaining sustainability of Indonesia's forest, national forest management needs to embrace more space for communication, openness, mutual learning, collaboration in addressing forest conflicts, and determining the future direction of its sustainability goal of management.

The purpose of this study is to analyze and describe the role of local government in improving the economy and welfare of the Wamensa great tribal community in West Papua, through a sustainable customary forest development program in the perspective of Collaborative Governance in Public Service. Collaborative governance is an important process in the Indonesian government today. The government implements Collaborative governance by providing space for other actors to participate, such as the national private, foreign, and public. Collaborative management aims to reduce conflict, facilitate learning, and increase consensus among stakeholders. As a legal administrator, the government should work effectively and efficiently in providing good public services to all citizens. Currently, West Papua still has around 81% of sustainable forest remaining, with a wealth of various types of wild animals with ecosystems in it (mega-biodiversity). Local Government as key in making policies has impacts on improving the economy and people's welfare. This research used a qualitative method with a case study in the customary forest of the Wamesa great tribe in West Papua. The study results showed that there are 3 main indicators to support the success of the Government's role in sustainable forest development, such as; economic, social, and ecological. However, there is a governance Pillar in the paradigm of public administration to show the success of collaborative governance. It required collaborative governance management synergically between government and non-government actors. The aim is to consensus on adaptive solutions through forest resource management. They are concerned with economic, social, and ecological complexities, as a concrete form of the vision and mission of the Regional Government in providing public services, as a portfolio documentation of national development.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse sustainable forest management in Poland in the years 2009-2015. The concept of sustainable development itself has also been analysed as the starting point for sustainable forest management development. Based on the conducted analysis of statistical data, it was attempted to answer the question about the condition of sustainable forest management in Poland.Design/methodology/approachTwo basic research methods were used in the presented paper. The first of them was the analysis of existing data. The conducted analysis covered the subject literature, reports and analyses referring to forest management. The second applied research method was the statistical analysis which covered structure analysis and dynamics analysis.FindingsIt can be adopted, within the framework of general conclusions, that the condition of sustainable forest management in Poland is moderately satisfactory, with the reservation of the need to maintain and intensify all processes and projects aimed at the implementation of the broadly approached concept of sustainable development.Originality/valueThe core of the study is focused on the statistical analysis of selected forest management aspects in Poland in the context of the assessment of sustainable forest management condition, with particular emphasis on forest cover, defoliation, forest area, restoration and afforestation, tree planting, wood harvesting, average wood sales price, excluding land from forest production for non-forest purposes. The importance of environmental education was also highlighted.

The paper presents basic conception (system) of long term and sustainable forest management. Forest benefits divides into timber production and provision of public functions. It characterizes a new categorization of forests. The basic forest feature and also the basic forest management feature is a long- -term. Therefore, it is necessary to develop such a system of a long-term planning, resulting in forest management plan. The paper presents main principles of long-term forest management development. It defines consequent key decisions (determining the forest category, management targets, management method, deriving the allowable cut, etc.). At the end, it presents the control system of management that should ensure improvement of the whole long-term process of forest management. It involves a complex concept of long-term and sustainable forest management development, with a practical application in a view of management system into the forest legislation, especially, the new forest act.

Over the last ten years there has been an increasing emphasis on development of plantation estates for both wood fiber and agricultural crops such as oil palm. The principles for sustainable development and establishment of industrial plantations also account for the social, environmental and biodiversity aspects.This document showed the first attempt of CIFOR to develop a process designed to link the development of criteria and indicators (C&I) more closely with practical and sustainable plantation development principles and practices, the latter expressed through a Code of Practice. To ensure that the two systems are mutually compatible they have been developed simultaneously. The process aims to ensure that the satndards for practical development of industrial plantations reflect, properly and appropriately, the needs and concerns expressed in the criteria and indicators for sustainable management and development of planted forests. This is intended to both increase the relevance and hence perhaps the adoption of C&I, such as those developed by CIFOR. Criteria and indicators can provide the benchmark for a plantation owner to assess progress towards sustainable forest management within their forest estate.It can be used as a means of assesing compliance with suitable set of benchmarks such as contained within a Code of Practice for industrial tree plantation development in the tropics (Code). (YS)

Located in Central Africa, Cameroon is a country with strong social inequalities and fragile governance and institutions. This has a direct impact on the sustainable development of its territory, communities, and native forest, which are subject to constant socio-environmental and economic pressures due to overexploitation. This research has three purposes: (1) to conduct a comparative theoretical/empirical diagnosis on the quality of Cameroon’s institutional framework, governance, and public policies related to territorial sustainability; (2) to assess the impact of the three clusters identified among the 44 stakeholders interviewed (forestry companies/certifiers; NGOs/communities; and banks/public institutions) on each other; and (3) to analyze the contribution of the use of cassava (Manihot esculenta) as an agro alternative to Cameroon’s socio-ecological resilience, sustainable development, and conservation of native forests. The research found: (1) the need for mixed governance with joint accountability to find equitable and lasting sustainable solutions for the parties involved, making communities/ethnic groups visible in the decision-making process; and (2) the agro use of cassava has a positive impact on socio-ecological resilience by contributing to employment, the protection of devastated soils, and the provision of quality food, and by reducing pollution from the cement industry through using cassava waste as an input.

To date, the Woodpigeon has formed specialized urban populations in many European cities and towns. A steady trend towards synanthropization is also observed for this species in some Russian urban areas. In the city of Oryol, no dedicated studies of the local urban Woodpigeon population have been carried out until recently. This paper aims to evaluate the status of the urban Woodpigeon population in Oryol. The field observations were made in the city of Oryol (52°58′ N, 36°05′ E) located in the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation and having an area of 121.2 km2 , with a population of 303.7 thousand and distance from Moscow of 368 km. The studies began in 2006, at the moment when the urban population of the Woodpigeon started to form within the Oryol administrative borders, and ended in 2021. In June 2019 and July 2021, counts of singing individuals and nest search activities were carried out in forest and recreational parks, squares, cemeteries, on specially selected plots among individual houses, and in green residential areas with predominantly five-storied apartment buildings. In total, 26 census plots with an aggregate area of about 228.9 ha were surveyed. Associated observations were also made, including Woodpigeon nest search in all administrative districts of the city. The degree of introduction of the Woodpigeon into the Oryol urban landscapes was evaluated by the use of five synanthropization stages (from 0 to 4). The paper shows that the urban population of the Woodpigeon in Oryol, as it was the case in other European urban areas, started from the birds which began to nest at the urban periphery, in less transformed habitats, and is dated back to 2006. Afterwards the birds were reported breeding in the built-up part of the city, including the city center, with the first breeding case in the built-up part reported in 2016. The number of nests found in the built-up part of the city grew in the following years. Now the birds nest across the entire city, including its central part, where their nests are found both along highways with intense traffic and in yards in residential areas with predominantly fivestoried apartment buildings. The species is registered as breeding in forest and recreational parks, cemeteries, among individual houses and in green residential areas. The average population density in the said habitats ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 pairs/10 ha, with the average for the entire city being 0.8 pairs/10 ha. The highest population density is registered in cemeteries (1.5 pairs/10 ha) and forest parks (1.1 pairs/10 ha). The population density in green residential areas with predominantly five-storied apartment buildings is 0.9 pairs/10 ha (see Table 1). In general, the Woodpigeon population in Oryol is much smaller than in many other urban areas in Europe and in Northwest Africa (see Table 2), which is attributed to the longer history of urban populations there. All nests found were located on trees and bushes, with none found on man-made structures. The high numbers of the Hooded Crow are among the factors hindering colonization of urban habitats by the Woodpigeon in European cities and towns. At the same time, the Hooded Crow is an uncommon breeder in Oryol. The Magpie, another nest predator, is a rather common breeder in the city: its breeding density was 2.2 nests/10 ha in green residential areas and 1.5 nests/10 ha among individual houses. Urban-breeding Woodpigeon aggregations generally make long-distance foraging movements to nearby farmlands where the birds obtain additional food. The agroclimatic conditions of Orlovsky District, which surrounds the city, are characterized as the most attractive for crop cultivation. Thus, the low numbers of the Hooded Crow and presence of large areas occupied by grain crops around the city make up favorable conditions for the establishment of an urban population of the Woodpigeon in Oryol. The urban Woodpigeon population in Oryol is at the stage 3 – breeding in urban parks in a high density and regular breeding in residential areas (on residential streets). The population under study has not yet reached the synanthropization stage 4, when the species breeds in a high density in urban parks and residential areas, with individual pairs transitioning to breeding on man-made structures.

The World Trade Organization (WTO), an international organization to deal with the world free trade mechanism, allows for the optimal use of the world's resources in accordance with the objective of sustainable development and the protection of environment and trade. China, as a state member of WTO, is challenged by the WTO's agreements and the principles to guideline China sustainable forest development in the future. Forest resources in China will be protected as the basic sections of natural resources. The administrative function of Chinese government will be reformed by the condition of WTO's principles. So, the aim of China forest sustainable development is prior to deal with the relationship between the environment protection and development of economy. Under the condition of the WTO's principles and as a base on the international customary laws, the issues of China forest sustainable development focus on the China forest system reformation that applies for the China nature forest stratagem by the laws and protects the China environment for the sustainable development under the condition of science development, especially in the China forest protection and in dealing with the relationship among the environment and the economy development and others. Establishing the zoological forest industry is basic requirement by both the WTO's agreements and the WTO's principles, especially under the GATT 1947 Art XX, and other principles to protect the China forest sustainable development and to create the international environment for China forest.

Tourist perceived value is an important antecedent to loyalty by enhancing satisfaction, revisiting intentions, and recommendations, thereby promoting sustainable development of forest parks. However, existing research has not sufficiently examined the configurations of perceived value in relation to increasing tourist loyalty specifically in the context of forest parks, representing a notable gap in the existing literature that requires further investigation. To address this gap, both covariance-based structural equation model (CB-SEM) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) models were conducted to explore the joint effects of perceived value on tourist loyalty and identify pathways of perceived value dimensions to increase tourist loyalty, based on the Value-Satisfaction-Loyalty Chain model. A total of 404 valid questionnaires were collected from 436 visitors to the Yingde National Forest Park in southern China. Among the respondents, 54.2% were male, nearly 50% were over 36 years old, and 60% held a university degree. The results indicate that perceived value significantly influences tourist loyalty, with satisfaction playing a crucial mediating role between perceived value and loyalty. Notably, the indirect effect mediated by satisfaction was found to be greater than the direct effect of perceived value on loyalty. Five distinct pathways were identified for enhancing tourist loyalty, categorized into three models: the economic value-driven model, the functional value and epistemic value dual-core driven model, and the emotional and social value dual-core driven model. Additionally, four pathways were identified for enhancing tourist satisfaction, which subsequently improves tourist loyalty. These four pathways were grouped into two modes: the economic value-driven model and the functional value plus driven model. This study introduces an innovative perspective on the relationship between tourist perceived value and loyalty in forest parks, identifying key factors and configurations within the five dimensions of perceived value that enhance both tourist loyalty and satisfaction. Moreover, it extends the application of the Value-Satisfaction-Loyalty Chain theory to a forest park context. The findings provide valuable insights for forest park managers, guiding them in enhancing perceived value through targeted pathways to increase tourist revisit intentions and recommendations, ultimately supporting the park’s sustainable development. The influence of individual items on tourist satisfaction and loyalty, along with the identification of optimal item combinations to enhance loyalty, necessitates further investigation. Furthermore, a deeper exploration of the heterogeneity of factors and pathways for improving tourist loyalty is required.